[00:00.000 --> 00:02.920]  In school, a lot of algorithms.
[00:04.480 --> 00:08.440]  This is mainly because we don't have the money to buy the software.
[00:08.720 --> 00:11.920]  So, we are stuck with learning the theory.
[00:16.400 --> 00:21.480]  Lately, Romania has been known to export a lot of programmers.
[00:23.060 --> 00:32.440]  This thing stopped recently because of two causes.
[00:32.660 --> 00:38.520]  One is dependent on the country that the Romanian programmers are going to.
[00:38.900 --> 00:42.360]  Let's say Western Europe or United States.
[00:42.360 --> 00:52.280]  Lately, this country developed a relatively healthy attitude towards the outsourcing.
[00:52.560 --> 00:57.520]  And they don't get anyone who just have a diploma or a computer science diploma.
[00:58.360 --> 01:09.020]  And also because in the last two years, the Romanian government actually implemented a few facilities for the programmers.
[01:11.260 --> 01:12.460]  One second.
[01:19.910 --> 01:43.610]  A few years ago, in Romania, to be a good programmer was to know how to write software that reduces the execution time and also decreases the memory space allocated for the programs.
[01:43.610 --> 01:55.210]  Lately, this thing has been changing as well as with the evolution of object-oriented software, object-oriented code.
[01:56.030 --> 02:09.250]  Lately, there is a new tendency in schools to try a Western approach towards computer science.
[02:09.250 --> 02:14.610]  That means teaching concrete languages.
[02:15.030 --> 02:16.370]  Let's say C++, Java.
[02:18.830 --> 02:28.330]  But I have to mention again, because of bad economy in Romania, schools don't have money to pay for the software.
[02:28.330 --> 02:35.330]  So all the teaching that is done is done by books.
[02:36.390 --> 02:39.610]  Students don't have too much access to computers.
[02:40.370 --> 02:42.970]  I was a student until five years ago.
[02:42.970 --> 02:53.730]  And I remember that in 1998, I was still working at a university on a Z80 processor.
[02:54.130 --> 02:59.490]  That was the only processor that the university, which is one of the top in Romania, could provide for us.
[02:59.910 --> 03:02.990]  The situation is kind of bad compared with here.
[03:04.330 --> 03:05.090]  But...
[03:07.630 --> 03:08.690]  One second.
[03:14.170 --> 03:20.990]  Also, the government is taking right now a new couple of approaches toward cybercrime.
[03:21.410 --> 03:35.350]  Even with all these restrictions put in front of the young programmers in Romania, we still managed to be known as one of the top country providers of cybercrime, of a so-called cybercrime.
[03:36.590 --> 03:49.330]  Under the pressure by the Western Europe and the United States, the Romanian government finally passed some laws that protect against this thing.
[03:49.330 --> 03:52.990]  These laws are kind of stupid, in my opinion.
[03:53.710 --> 04:02.090]  A couple of you know one of a Romanian guy, 24-year-old Romanian guy, who modified the version of a blaster worm.
[04:02.970 --> 04:04.690]  Last year, he was arrested.
[04:05.010 --> 04:16.890]  And he was given a sentence of 15 years in prison, which is almost double the amount for a rape conviction in Romania.
[04:26.680 --> 04:43.880]  One of a provision of a law also specifies that that person will not have the right to work in the computer field till the end of his life, which is really hard for people.
[04:45.480 --> 04:49.840]  Let me come back to access to technology.
[04:51.100 --> 05:00.280]  In Romania, until three years ago, the only way you could get online was by dial-up connection.
[05:00.960 --> 05:06.740]  Dial-up connection being provided by the only telephone operator in Romania.
[05:07.140 --> 05:08.560]  It was a big monopoly.
[05:10.000 --> 05:12.600]  And prices were extremely high.
[05:14.100 --> 05:24.900]  Unlike the civilized world, there is no such thing as free local conversation.
[05:25.280 --> 05:26.840]  You have to pay for everything.
[05:27.120 --> 05:31.600]  And believe me, the prices were pretty steep for telephones.
[05:31.600 --> 05:40.980]  So a lot of people don't have the meaning to access, to learn technology, to access technology.
[05:42.980 --> 05:49.220]  The solution, the young people's solution to this was netcafes.
[05:52.680 --> 06:03.640]  Small businessmen opened a couple of places with five syscomputers running Linux, where people could connect for...
[06:04.220 --> 06:06.100]  It was a modic fee.
[06:06.100 --> 06:17.280]  And this is how the young carders in Romania and the young hackers in Romania get their knowledge.
[06:18.740 --> 06:22.340]  Obviously, they don't do it from home because...
[06:22.340 --> 06:25.440]  Not because they are afraid of being caught.
[06:25.440 --> 06:27.780]  I think they are smarter than that.
[06:28.100 --> 06:28.240]  I think they are smarter than that.
[06:28.240 --> 06:36.740]  But because of prices, of repressive prices in Romania.
[06:40.060 --> 06:41.940]  One second, let me look for notes.
[06:48.200 --> 06:55.880]  Even in this harsh condition, we managed to develop a generation of brilliant programmers.
[06:55.880 --> 07:05.540]  A couple of Romanian companies got acquired by renowned companies in Western Europe and United States.
[07:06.280 --> 07:18.880]  Most notorious case being the case of GeCAD Srl, which is the maker of RAV Antivirus, which got...
[07:20.740 --> 07:25.220]  Antivirus which you are soon going to see in Microsoft products, Microsoft Windows.
[07:25.220 --> 07:26.380]  The next version of Windows.
[07:28.400 --> 07:36.340]  The competition was pretty steep, but still the Romanian company got chosen because of the quality of the product.
[07:41.720 --> 07:47.900]  What can I tell you about the level of...
[07:47.900 --> 07:49.860]  Not the level of...
[07:49.860 --> 07:51.060]  Not the level of...
[07:52.040 --> 07:57.640]  Access to information there is...
[07:58.420 --> 08:06.800]  Because even with such small access of information, we managed to be banned from eBay and other online sites.
[08:09.040 --> 08:13.620]  Us together with Russia and two, three other Eastern Europe countries.
[08:13.920 --> 08:19.480]  Just because of a hacking, cracking and carding problem that exists there.
[08:20.560 --> 08:24.960]  And all those kids are not script kiddies.
[08:24.960 --> 08:26.700]  They actually write their own software.
[08:30.440 --> 08:32.080]  They do everything by themselves.
[08:32.400 --> 08:44.220]  And in my personal opinion, it's because of education they are receiving in schools.
[08:44.220 --> 08:52.240]  As I told you, we are learning not a specific operating system, programming language.
[08:53.060 --> 08:54.900]  This we do it at home.
[08:55.160 --> 08:56.820]  In school we are learning algorithms.
[08:57.220 --> 09:02.780]  For all the years we are in school, in computer science schools, we just learn algorithms.
[09:02.780 --> 09:13.000]  And this makes it much easier to learn new languages.
[09:15.380 --> 09:27.020]  I think it makes a more open mind than if we would learn just a plain language.
[09:28.820 --> 09:30.340]  Again, I have to apologize.
[09:30.620 --> 09:33.440]  I am very nervous.
[09:37.620 --> 09:39.570]  I am trying to look for my papers.
[09:47.150 --> 09:54.550]  One of the biggest problems in Eastern Europe is also counterfeiting and pirate software.
[09:56.710 --> 10:11.680]  Recently, Symantec just pressured the Romanian government to arrest a group of counterfeiters in Romania who were selling copies of their products.
[10:14.760 --> 10:18.220]  But again, you have to understand the situation.
[10:18.520 --> 10:23.380]  The average salary a month is $100, $110.
[10:24.100 --> 10:24.940]  That's a month.
[10:25.120 --> 10:25.860]  It's not a day.
[10:25.980 --> 10:26.720]  It's not a week.
[10:26.840 --> 10:27.520]  It's a month.
[10:27.520 --> 10:34.720]  And the computer software, computer hardware costs the same as here.
[10:35.100 --> 10:44.980]  So if Symantec sells a product for $200, I will have to work two months to actually buy that software.
[10:45.220 --> 10:47.320]  And that means I won't pay my rent.
[10:47.320 --> 10:50.240]  I won't eat.
[10:50.420 --> 10:52.680]  I'll just save money to buy their software.
[10:58.120 --> 11:06.620]  Under the pressure of the United States and Western Europe countries, the Romanian government is trying to pass a couple of laws.
[11:07.380 --> 11:12.440]  They've managed to pass the anti-hacking law.
[11:12.440 --> 11:33.960]  There are still a couple of laws waiting to be passed away that pose pretty harsh sentences for people caught in carding, in pirating software, in freaking, in all these kind of activities that are considered illegal.
[11:41.160 --> 11:51.120]  One of the steps that the IT industry in Romania is...
[11:51.120 --> 11:54.780]  One of the directions the IT industry is heading.
[12:00.520 --> 12:06.840]  It's going towards an open-source system, open-source products.
[12:10.560 --> 12:24.660]  From what I talked with a couple of my friends in Romania, I don't know if you guys know or not, We are trying to develop everything from operating system to...
[12:27.340 --> 12:36.180]  Word editing software, database software, web servers, based on open-source projects.
[12:36.500 --> 12:40.360]  Again, this is caused by the steep prices.
[12:41.160 --> 12:50.300]  There are not so many Western countries that have a presence in Romania.
[12:51.420 --> 12:54.500]  Only recently, Dell opened a...
[12:54.500 --> 13:05.080]  Dell, which is one of the biggest manufacturers here, opened an affiliation in Romania.
[13:05.080 --> 13:11.120]  Microsoft opened one about five years ago.
[13:11.500 --> 13:23.440]  So that puts us behind on the support that people receive from the products they are using.
[13:24.000 --> 13:33.080]  This caused a new breed of technical users.
[13:33.820 --> 13:40.480]  Pretty much everyone who has a computer in Romania or has access to a computer knows how to do everything.
[13:41.540 --> 13:45.760]  There is not specialization like here.
[13:46.800 --> 13:53.220]  So if someone knows how to build websites, that person will know how to fix a computer.
[13:53.400 --> 13:59.060]  That person will know how to write a database server.
[13:59.060 --> 14:00.780]  That person knows pretty much everything.
[14:01.020 --> 14:04.980]  That's because you have to do everything by yourself.
[14:05.120 --> 14:09.400]  If something breaks down, you have nowhere to go to ask for help.
[14:14.070 --> 14:18.950]  On the paper, the situation looks pretty good.
[14:19.410 --> 14:24.790]  The government is promising a lot of things, but nothing much is done.
[14:26.510 --> 14:33.930]  This year, they tried to pass a law that was given to poor families.
[14:34.470 --> 14:44.610]  By poor families, they meant the families that make less than $50 a month per person in the household.
[14:44.890 --> 14:49.650]  They were trying to give them $250 to purchase a computer.
[14:49.650 --> 14:59.490]  But this, again, was only on paper because that family was making $50 per person on the household.
[15:00.210 --> 15:03.930]  And the computer is costing, let's say, $600, $700.
[15:04.690 --> 15:08.730]  Those $250 the government was offering weren't helping too much.
[15:09.390 --> 15:14.170]  They were starving and still couldn't buy the computer.
[15:14.170 --> 15:21.490]  This is only just to align Romania to the European Union laws.
[15:22.050 --> 15:24.290]  It's pretty much just bureaucracy.
[15:27.370 --> 15:34.850]  Also, Microsoft implemented last year a solution together with the government of Romania.
[15:35.550 --> 15:38.610]  Which brings us back to the communist age.
[15:38.610 --> 15:42.650]  It's presented in a nice digital way.
[15:42.890 --> 15:50.870]  But what it does, it's almost like the United States ECHELON project.
[15:51.450 --> 15:55.590]  It's collecting information about the citizens of Romania.
[15:57.170 --> 16:19.250]  And other than the people that have access, the few people that have access to technology, to internet, by means of internet cafes, everyone is pretty hyped about this thing because the government put a big E in front of data gathering.
[16:19.250 --> 16:28.270]  So instead of being the communist way of data gathering, now it's the new way of e-data gathering, which sounds very good.
[16:32.820 --> 16:46.080]  Another way they are trying to improve IT industry in Romania is to change the education system.
[16:46.080 --> 16:53.340]  To make it more like accidental countries.
[16:54.020 --> 16:55.680]  Personally, I disagree with that.
[16:55.840 --> 16:59.600]  I think the education system in Romania is good the way it is.
[17:04.860 --> 17:13.240]  Right now, the education system in Romania is eight primary classes, four high school years, then five years of college.
[17:13.240 --> 17:17.600]  This gives you a BA equivalent of a BA degree.
[17:17.940 --> 17:27.640]  And actually, excuse me, this gives you a BA and a master degree equivalent.
[17:28.480 --> 17:36.540]  And after that, if you choose, you can go for one year of doctorate to continue your studies.
[17:37.920 --> 17:48.300]  They are trying right now to reduce the duration of the education system from five to four years.
[17:48.520 --> 17:53.000]  They are trying to introduce credit systems, paid credit systems.
[17:55.040 --> 17:57.620]  Until now, the education in Romania was free.
[17:59.620 --> 18:06.520]  Everyone, based on their merits, of course, the admission to college is pretty harsh.
[18:07.380 --> 18:11.700]  But based on your grades, you don't have to pay for education.
[18:12.060 --> 18:16.360]  You can go through masters without paying a single dime.
[18:17.340 --> 18:19.080]  It's pretty good.
[18:21.220 --> 18:27.880]  One bad thing about the education system in Romania is the relation between students and teachers.
[18:30.880 --> 18:38.520]  Unlike here, students are actually forbidden to ask, to have a dialogue with a teacher.
[18:39.200 --> 18:47.260]  If it happened to me, actually, I was trying to ask a question and I got kicked off the class because I was interrupting the speech.
[18:47.920 --> 18:52.220]  Pretty much the way the things go there.
[18:52.740 --> 19:03.040]  The teacher comes in the class, takes a piece of chalk, starts writing on the blackboard, reads from some papers.
[19:03.380 --> 19:05.900]  And after two hours, he leaves.
[19:06.140 --> 19:09.180]  You are left with no questions.
[19:09.300 --> 19:10.560]  You have to study by yourself.
[19:10.560 --> 19:16.140]  If you have any questions, as I said, you can't ask.
[19:16.400 --> 19:17.440]  We can't ask him.
[19:18.720 --> 19:22.040]  That's one thing that will have to change.
[19:30.040 --> 19:39.040]  Until 1993, 1994, the Romanian presence on the internet was insignificant.
[19:40.360 --> 19:59.800]  After 1994, unexplicably, because the prices for access to the internet were still the same, there was a boom in the proliferation of websites on the internet.
[20:01.340 --> 20:22.520]  They were pretty much basic websites, but from 1995 to 1998, I know a couple of Romanian companies who developed high-level e-commerce websites, which they sold to partners from Western Europe.
[20:22.520 --> 20:22.620]  I hope.
[20:24.400 --> 20:25.220]  I hope.
[20:25.440 --> 20:30.580]  I have here some more specific info, if you give me a second.
[20:40.830 --> 20:41.790]  Yeah.
[20:42.310 --> 20:53.470]  From this period of a boom of Romanian internet lasted from, as I said, from 1995 to like 1999, 2000.
[20:53.470 --> 21:08.150]  From 2000 to 2004, because of depreciation of Romanian currency, access to internet became even harder.
[21:08.150 --> 21:17.010]  And statistics show that actually there is a decline in the number of big Romanian websites.
[21:17.170 --> 21:20.250]  I'm talking about portals, e-commerce sites.
[21:21.270 --> 21:31.130]  And by e-commerce sites, those are only recent, until, I have it here, 19...
[21:31.130 --> 21:33.050]  No, until 2001.
[21:33.990 --> 21:39.370]  Until the year 2000, there was not a single credit card in Romania.
[21:39.510 --> 21:44.830]  There was not a single institution, a single bank who would have credit cards.
[21:44.830 --> 21:47.730]  So, this pretty much makes you think.
[21:47.890 --> 21:53.290]  Like, these kids from Romania are carding and they don't know what's that credit card.
[21:53.370 --> 21:54.730]  They never touch one.
[21:55.050 --> 21:57.610]  They just read about it on the internet.
[22:03.550 --> 22:13.150]  Right now, I have some numbers for, as far as the piracy in the world goes.
[22:15.210 --> 22:17.930]  And computer software piracy goes.
[22:18.110 --> 22:19.330]  One second, let me find it.
[22:19.410 --> 22:22.710]  I'm going to read you some numbers.
[22:23.470 --> 22:35.610]  And Romania is pretty high up there, close to countries in which the internet access is much more powerful.
[22:41.920 --> 22:47.880]  I have it right here, the biggest software pirate in the world.
[22:49.560 --> 22:54.360]  It's North Korea, followed by China.
[22:54.700 --> 22:58.000]  And Romania has the eighth place in this class.
[22:58.100 --> 23:02.060]  And we have a piracy rate of 88%.
[23:04.800 --> 23:05.400]  Yep.
[23:08.840 --> 23:10.980]  That's where Bill Gates is losing his money.
[23:16.340 --> 23:17.760]  It's pretty safe.
[23:18.000 --> 23:22.180]  This is actually a statistic from this year, 2004 year.
[23:22.420 --> 23:29.060]  And it tells that the piracy rate was decreased by efforts of the Romanian government by 4%.
[23:29.900 --> 23:34.180]  So, in 2003, it was a 92% piracy rate.
[23:35.700 --> 23:36.380]  It's...
[23:36.380 --> 23:38.160]  We must be really proud.
[23:38.260 --> 23:38.840]  We did something.
[23:44.020 --> 23:47.060]  Still, it's nothing compared with North Korea.
[23:47.160 --> 23:49.520]  97% piracy.
[23:53.860 --> 23:57.640]  The hacking community in Romania, it's...
[23:58.700 --> 24:06.100]  There are these carders which are very popular in mass media.
[24:07.300 --> 24:09.680]  Everyone is talking about them when they...
[24:10.380 --> 24:15.160]  Well, they hit another company and they stole 100,000 credit cards.
[24:18.320 --> 24:22.240]  From what my friends told me, I didn't do it.
[24:25.420 --> 24:29.620]  They don't use these credit cards to buy things.
[24:29.900 --> 24:40.360]  As I told you earlier, mostly all the big e-commerce sites actually ban Romanian domains.
[24:42.060 --> 24:47.380]  If they see an order being shipped to Romania, they refuse to ship it.
[24:47.480 --> 24:50.580]  They consider the credit card stolen.
[24:50.900 --> 24:55.000]  And they do pretty much this stealing...
[24:55.000 --> 24:57.000]  They stole this credit card just for...
[24:57.000 --> 24:59.280]  Just to prove something, I think.
[25:00.060 --> 25:03.940]  But that's not the true Romanian hacking culture.
[25:03.940 --> 25:06.160]  That's what appears in the mass media.
[25:07.740 --> 25:13.880]  The true Romanian hacking culture is the guy who goes...
[25:13.880 --> 25:17.500]  Who are forced to go maybe like twice a week to an internet cafe.
[25:18.080 --> 25:20.840]  Really quick downloads 100 books.
[25:21.880 --> 25:24.040]  Only from free books.
[25:24.520 --> 25:27.800]  Not from BitTorrent or some other sites.
[25:28.620 --> 25:31.780]  And goes home and reads them.
[25:31.920 --> 25:36.200]  Then writes a program on the computer which...
[25:36.800 --> 25:38.220]  It's an old computer.
[25:39.740 --> 25:44.900]  Waits another week till he makes money to go to the internet cafe.
[25:45.140 --> 25:47.400]  Which has a more powerful computer.
[25:47.780 --> 25:49.860]  And tries it there.
[25:50.000 --> 25:54.260]  Then if it's good, if it's working, it's good.
[25:54.260 --> 25:57.720]  If it doesn't work, comes back home again.
[25:58.060 --> 25:59.760]  Works a little more on the paper.
[26:00.060 --> 26:02.480]  And goes back to the internet cafe.
[26:02.620 --> 26:05.120]  This is the true Romanian hacker spirit.
[26:07.220 --> 26:12.700]  I think we are trying to do a lot with so few resources.
[26:17.740 --> 26:22.880]  I can take a couple of questions while I look through my notes to find some other things I want to tell you.
[26:38.920 --> 26:46.180]  I don't think that's holding back the development of IT technology in Romania.
[26:46.520 --> 26:51.880]  In my opinion, what's holding back is the economic situation.
[26:51.880 --> 26:58.240]  It's not the fact that a couple of kids just used some credit cards and bought something.
[27:00.420 --> 27:03.980]  As I told, we are still using in a very big proportion.
[27:04.200 --> 27:06.220]  About 85%, 90%.
[27:06.220 --> 27:08.720]  We are still using dial-up to connect to internet.
[27:09.040 --> 27:10.500]  Which is pretty high.
[27:10.720 --> 27:13.440]  And on dial-up, I remember I was getting...
[27:13.440 --> 27:15.840]  Top speed was like 7k per second.
[27:15.840 --> 27:18.720]  And I was so happy when I was getting 7k.
[27:20.900 --> 27:27.000]  That's the thing that's holding back the Romanian technology.
[27:40.450 --> 27:41.850]  If that's...
[27:41.850 --> 27:44.410]  Yeah, he asked...
[27:44.410 --> 27:51.490]  He wants me to approach more of the situation, the relation between professors and students in Romania.
[27:51.850 --> 28:00.180]  What would you do if you have a question and a clarity and you are trying to clarify the lesson that was teached to you.
[28:00.380 --> 28:04.560]  And the professor would just simply refuse to explain.
[28:07.300 --> 28:10.560]  What you do, you cannot go and complain to anyone.
[28:11.440 --> 28:12.180]  That's the first thing.
[28:12.420 --> 28:14.380]  Because that's the tradition.
[28:14.920 --> 28:15.480]  It's...
[28:17.820 --> 28:19.740]  That's the way things are there.
[28:19.740 --> 28:25.960]  Now, if I go and tell them, yes, but in Western Europe, they have a total...
[28:25.960 --> 28:27.600]  They have an open dialogue in the class.
[28:27.840 --> 28:28.300]  It's not...
[28:28.300 --> 28:31.700]  You just have a blackboard and write something.
[28:32.120 --> 28:33.220]  People ask you.
[28:33.360 --> 28:34.180]  You answer back.
[28:35.820 --> 28:36.980]  That's not the case there.
[28:37.080 --> 28:43.400]  Everyone will tell you you are crazy and you can actually get in trouble, get expelled if you try to push it too hard.
[28:44.580 --> 28:57.060]  What I did and all my colleagues did, we had to go to the library and find someone actually smart enough to explain us, not the professor.
[28:57.280 --> 28:57.720]  It's...
[28:58.940 --> 29:22.980]  I would say in proportion of 95% of the teachers, they all refuse to explain something to you and they actually consider a personal affront if you stop their lesson to ask a question.
[29:46.490 --> 29:47.850]  No, that's...
[29:49.350 --> 29:51.570]  That's changing just on the paper.
[29:51.810 --> 29:55.490]  That's a project pushed by the government.
[29:56.250 --> 30:02.010]  Again, Romania is trying to get into European Union and they have to align to all the regulations.
[30:02.830 --> 30:10.690]  So, they are trying to push this loan now to align the education system to accidental standards.
[30:12.650 --> 30:23.710]  I doubt personally that this thing will actually be implemented because one thing, we are missing the young teachers.
[30:25.250 --> 30:31.330]  A teacher makes in Romania less than a driver, a bus driver.
[30:31.330 --> 30:40.470]  So, teachers, doctors are actually one of the worst paid classes, how do I say, jobs in Romania.
[30:40.690 --> 30:46.430]  So, there are not so many young people who will go into the... to become teachers.
[30:47.570 --> 30:52.410]  Mostly, all the teachers are old, they...
[30:52.410 --> 30:54.710]  Even if...
[30:54.710 --> 31:04.230]  I will think that learning a specific language is better than learning general algorithms is good...
[31:04.230 --> 31:05.150]  Is better.
[31:06.110 --> 31:07.670]  The teacher will put...
[31:07.990 --> 31:11.270]  Will don't know how to implement that thing.
[31:11.270 --> 31:13.030]  So, we are stuck with...
[31:13.030 --> 31:13.930]  We are stuck with this.
[31:34.840 --> 31:37.300]  I know a little bit about Bulgaria.
[31:37.520 --> 31:39.120]  I have a couple of Bulgarian friends.
[31:39.500 --> 31:54.760]  And until 96, 97, Romania was one of the top former Eastern European countries.
[31:54.760 --> 32:11.560]  After that, a lot of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, they actually invested in the infrastructure.
[32:12.160 --> 32:12.540]  They...
[32:14.500 --> 32:16.780]  They broke monopoles.
[32:17.040 --> 32:18.680]  Like, in Romania, everything gets...
[32:18.680 --> 32:21.280]  Almost everything is still controlled by the government.
[32:21.280 --> 32:25.660]  They are small businesses, but the real power is not...
[32:26.020 --> 32:27.720]  Is not in those small businesses.
[32:28.080 --> 32:29.280]  It's still in the...
[32:29.280 --> 32:30.840]  In what the government controls.
[32:31.600 --> 32:32.340]  So...
[32:32.340 --> 32:34.620]  They actually broke the...
[32:34.620 --> 32:36.360]  Access to...
[32:36.360 --> 32:39.200]  To internet monopoly in Bulgaria.
[32:39.500 --> 32:40.280]  They broke...
[32:42.360 --> 32:44.610]  Earlier than in Romania, access to...
[32:44.620 --> 32:45.930]  To information by...
[32:46.140 --> 32:47.740]  By number of newspapers.
[32:48.620 --> 32:50.400]  By number of...
[32:50.400 --> 32:50.920]  By number of...
[32:50.920 --> 32:52.590]  And by newspaper, I mean quality newspapers.
[32:52.880 --> 32:58.660]  Romania is full of all these tiny pages that they call newspapers.
[32:59.360 --> 32:59.880]  But...
[32:59.880 --> 33:02.380]  I think they actually...
[33:03.370 --> 33:04.050]  Offer...
[33:04.050 --> 33:06.810]  Offer a larger view of all to...
[33:06.810 --> 33:10.120]  Of what's happening in the world to...
[33:10.120 --> 33:10.240]  For example.
[33:10.500 --> 33:11.590]  Compared with...
[33:12.020 --> 33:12.440]  Romania.
[33:12.780 --> 33:14.420]  Right now, Romania...
[33:14.420 --> 33:16.200]  I think it's...
[33:16.200 --> 33:17.200]  In the whole...
[33:17.790 --> 33:19.070]  Eastern Europe block.
[33:19.310 --> 33:20.020]  It's...
[33:20.020 --> 33:20.920]  Like...
[33:20.920 --> 33:21.790]  My...
[33:21.790 --> 33:22.290]  Impression.
[33:22.940 --> 33:23.360]  It's...
[33:23.360 --> 33:25.090]  Right before...
[33:25.090 --> 33:26.540]  Albania and Moldavia.
[33:26.780 --> 33:27.780]  As far as...
[33:27.780 --> 33:29.070]  Life goes.
[33:29.160 --> 33:30.420]  As far as...
[33:30.420 --> 33:31.330]  Access to...
[33:31.330 --> 33:32.420]  Technology goes.
[33:32.570 --> 33:33.050]  As far...
[33:34.000 --> 33:34.420]  As...
[33:35.480 --> 33:37.380]  Government control goes.
[33:38.700 --> 33:39.620]  Last...
[33:39.620 --> 33:41.550]  The third from the last.
[33:42.880 --> 33:43.790]  Uh...
[33:43.790 --> 33:44.590]  It's...
[33:44.590 --> 33:45.380]  Uh...
[33:46.020 --> 33:46.570]  It's a...
[33:46.570 --> 33:48.500]  It's a situation that's not easy to change.
[33:49.880 --> 33:50.440]  And...
[33:51.760 --> 33:52.680]  Uh...
[33:52.680 --> 33:54.090]  The...
[33:54.090 --> 33:55.120]  No...
[33:55.120 --> 33:58.160]  It's kind of a vicious cycle.
[33:58.790 --> 33:59.700]  Uh...
[33:59.700 --> 34:02.900]  If people don't have knowledge of...
[34:02.900 --> 34:04.590]  How to...
[34:04.590 --> 34:05.740]  How to change things.
[34:06.790 --> 34:07.310]  How...
[34:07.310 --> 34:07.940]  How...
[34:07.940 --> 34:08.140]  Like...
[34:08.550 --> 34:11.260]  Kind of a step-by-step guide to...
[34:11.260 --> 34:12.540]  To changing things.
[34:13.400 --> 34:13.920]  Uh...
[34:13.920 --> 34:17.300]  If they don't have this knowledge, Things won't change.
[34:17.780 --> 34:18.220]  And...
[34:18.520 --> 34:21.380]  Until things won't change, People won't have this knowledge.
[34:21.900 --> 34:22.420]  So...
[34:22.420 --> 34:23.050]  They are stuck.
[34:24.980 --> 34:27.570]  I don't know if this answered your question or not.
[34:27.760 --> 34:27.980]  Maybe.
[34:38.460 --> 34:38.980]  No.
[34:39.080 --> 34:39.740]  Actually, they...
[34:39.740 --> 34:41.800]  They start a lot of projects.
[34:41.800 --> 34:42.800]  If you...
[34:42.800 --> 34:43.440]  Uh...
[34:43.440 --> 34:44.560]  Go on search for...
[34:44.560 --> 34:45.300]  Uh...
[34:45.300 --> 34:45.760]  And...
[34:45.760 --> 34:47.960]  Search for Romania, you'll see it's...
[34:47.960 --> 34:48.480]  Uh...
[34:48.480 --> 34:50.440]  I did that a couple of weeks ago.
[34:50.700 --> 34:53.460]  I got so many pages of Romanian projects.
[34:54.700 --> 34:55.010]  Uh...
[34:55.320 --> 34:58.620]  I don't know why they don't work with other...
[34:58.620 --> 34:59.900]  On other projects.
[35:00.100 --> 35:01.120]  They just...
[35:01.120 --> 35:01.180]  Start.
[35:10.370 --> 35:10.990]  Uh...
[35:10.990 --> 35:11.210]  Uh...
[35:11.210 --> 35:11.370]  No.
[35:11.590 --> 35:13.010]  Outside of the city, there...
[35:13.010 --> 35:14.470]  There is...
[35:14.470 --> 35:15.850]  No access to...
[35:15.850 --> 35:16.870]  To...
[35:16.870 --> 35:17.490]  To internet.
[35:18.090 --> 35:18.610]  And...
[35:18.610 --> 35:19.090]  Uh...
[35:19.090 --> 35:20.270]  Again, because...
[35:20.270 --> 35:23.250]  Outside of the city, it's not profitable for...
[35:23.250 --> 35:25.650]  Businesses to open an internet cafe, which is...
[35:25.650 --> 35:26.770]  The main...
[35:26.770 --> 35:27.210]  Uh...
[35:27.210 --> 35:29.190]  Resource of access to internet in Romania.
[35:30.630 --> 35:31.270]  So...
[35:31.270 --> 35:32.250]  And...
[35:32.250 --> 35:33.350]  Uh...
[35:33.350 --> 35:35.430]  The big cities...
[35:35.430 --> 35:35.990]  Uh...
[35:35.990 --> 35:36.930]  Uh...
[35:36.930 --> 35:37.950]  My city, it's...
[35:37.950 --> 35:39.150]  The fifth biggest city.
[35:39.410 --> 35:40.290]  They have...
[35:40.290 --> 35:41.470]  Uh...
[35:41.470 --> 35:42.750]  Five internet cafes.
[35:43.170 --> 35:43.510]  In...
[35:43.510 --> 35:44.210]  Uh...
[35:44.210 --> 35:44.750]  The capital.
[35:46.210 --> 35:46.890]  Uh...
[35:46.890 --> 35:49.630]  Last time I talked with someone about it was...
[35:49.630 --> 35:49.790]  Uh...
[35:49.790 --> 35:50.890]  About a year ago.
[35:51.010 --> 35:52.210]  They have about...
[35:52.210 --> 35:52.590]  Uh...
[35:52.590 --> 35:54.010]  Twenty-five internet cafes.
[35:55.070 --> 35:55.750]  So...
[35:56.570 --> 35:57.250]  Uh...
[35:57.250 --> 35:58.470]  It's difficult.
[35:59.450 --> 36:01.690]  There are long lines waiting for a computer.
[36:02.270 --> 36:02.950]  Uh...
[36:02.950 --> 36:03.330]  And...
[36:03.330 --> 36:03.670]  Uh...
[36:03.670 --> 36:04.710]  As I told you...
[36:04.710 --> 36:05.550]  Uh...
[36:05.550 --> 36:06.290]  But...
[36:06.290 --> 36:08.910]  Even in schools, the hardware is...
[36:08.910 --> 36:09.190]  Uh...
[36:09.190 --> 36:10.150]  It's very old.
[36:10.350 --> 36:10.890]  It's...
[36:11.910 --> 36:12.570]  Uh...
[36:12.570 --> 36:13.050]  On...
[36:13.050 --> 36:17.750]  On my third year of college, I was still programming on a Z80 processor.
[36:18.090 --> 36:19.150]  It was...
[36:19.150 --> 36:20.590]  Pretty laughable, but...
[36:20.590 --> 36:23.450]  That was the only thing that we had available.
[36:25.030 --> 36:25.690]  Uh...
[36:25.690 --> 36:26.960]  We are connecting, uh...
[36:27.270 --> 36:28.170]  Through a...
[36:28.170 --> 36:29.330]  T1 line.
[36:30.450 --> 36:31.030]  Uh...
[36:31.030 --> 36:31.170]  Uh...
[36:31.170 --> 36:33.150]  The T1 was serving about...
[36:33.150 --> 36:33.530]  Uh...
[36:33.530 --> 36:34.610]  8,000 students.
[36:35.310 --> 36:36.350]  Just on T1.
[36:36.670 --> 36:36.690]  Right.
[36:36.870 --> 36:37.890]  It was...
[36:37.890 --> 36:38.390]  It was...
[36:38.390 --> 36:38.730]  It was really bad.
[36:42.360 --> 36:42.840]  Uh...
[36:42.840 --> 36:44.540]  Anyone else wants to ask any questions?
[36:47.670 --> 36:48.150]  No.
[36:50.330 --> 36:51.050]  Thank you.
[36:51.210 --> 36:52.830]  Again, I apologize if...
[37:01.180 --> 37:01.660]  Uh...
[37:01.660 --> 37:03.040]  Thank you very much, Kathleen.
[37:03.280 --> 37:03.840]  That was excellent.
[37:04.080 --> 37:04.400]  Thank you.
[37:06.060 --> 37:06.540]  Uh...
[37:09.400 --> 37:09.680]  Um...
[37:09.680 --> 37:09.700]  Mouse.
[37:09.780 --> 37:09.820]  Just my name is Catalin Acio, behind your wall.
[37:09.820 --> 37:09.840]  I could almost play long here...
[37:10.340 --> 37:10.500]  I'm connecting to life.
[37:10.560 --> 37:10.720]  It's...
[37:10.720 --> 37:10.880]  So...
[37:10.880 --> 37:11.080]  Yeah...
[37:11.080 --> 37:11.120]  To here...
[37:11.120 --> 37:11.160]  That yes...
[37:11.160 --> 37:11.180]  Let me help...
[37:11.180 --> 37:11.440]  Whoo...