[00:00.000 --> 00:04.740]  ...and it's kind of like the welders, and it's actually there's a whole class of DNA repair proteins.
[00:04.980 --> 00:08.060]  This is one of them, and it can fix the ends and just kind of like tack them back together.
[00:10.200 --> 00:11.500]  So that's a plasmid.
[00:11.820 --> 00:14.880]  And we look at plasmids as something kind of like a USB thumb drive.
[00:15.060 --> 00:21.660]  You can pop it in, boot it up, and you can actually eject it back out through something called a mini prep, and you can actually harvest plasmids back out.
[00:22.200 --> 00:26.420]  And it's not actually going into the system files, the chromosome and interfering with that.
[00:26.520 --> 00:29.700]  It's kind of like a small application that you can boot up and run on the cell.
[00:30.620 --> 00:34.160]  Here's just some visual examples of the technology we're talking about.
[00:34.300 --> 00:36.040]  This is true molecular machines.
[00:36.260 --> 00:38.680]  This is a protein called ATP synthase.
[00:38.900 --> 00:40.540]  And these are actual nano motors.
[00:40.660 --> 00:43.260]  You see those dots going around right here?
[00:43.440 --> 00:45.440]  Those are bare individual protons.
[00:45.640 --> 00:46.460]  I'll show you again.
[00:47.840 --> 00:52.800]  And that's actually going across an electrical gradient, turning this, which actually recharges the whole cell.
[00:52.920 --> 00:55.280]  So we can't engineer this technology yet as humans.
[00:55.560 --> 00:57.820]  Yet nature, it can already code for it and build it.
[00:58.840 --> 01:03.700]  So just something to point out while you're talking is that all of this stuff is stuff that we've never actually seen.
[01:03.840 --> 01:06.600]  It's not like you can physically see this under a microscope or anything like that.
[01:06.680 --> 01:11.100]  This is all stuff that's going on in your bodies right now and is run the mill like chemistry basically, right?
[01:11.340 --> 01:13.180]  These are individual atoms down here.
[01:13.400 --> 01:20.700]  Yeah, whenever you're working with biology, you're usually mixing a few different colorless liquids together and then this stuff is happening inside your actual tubes.
[01:21.520 --> 01:27.800]  So to some extent with the biology versus like, you know, building a robot, you have to have a little bit more of an imagination of what's actually going on with your experiments.
[01:28.560 --> 01:29.380]  Oops, shit.
[01:31.960 --> 01:33.760]  This is DNA copying itself.
[01:34.040 --> 01:37.540]  It's going down the middle and actually splitting across the side.
[01:37.640 --> 01:39.740]  So you can see that these proteins, they're dynamic.
[01:40.100 --> 01:42.820]  These enzymes grab things, they move, they read things.
[01:43.720 --> 01:46.920]  Where it's entering, it's actually spinning faster than a jet turbine.
[01:47.160 --> 01:49.120]  So this is no small feat.
[01:49.300 --> 01:56.340]  It's actually, it's probably one of the most efficient data storage, reading and copying, writing mechanism ever.
[01:56.800 --> 01:57.340]  It's...
[01:57.960 --> 02:02.940]  It's read error rate is like orders of magnitude better than the best like error correcting systems we have.
[02:04.360 --> 02:08.100]  We have to go through a little bit of a biology lesson to kind of explain what we're talking about here.
[02:08.280 --> 02:12.220]  So we go from DNA to RNA and then from RNA into proteins.
[02:12.360 --> 02:13.980]  And that's called transcription and translation.
[02:15.160 --> 02:16.660]  One of them is just the raw code.
[02:16.780 --> 02:18.140]  The other one is flesh and blood.
[02:18.280 --> 02:23.300]  A protein or an enzyme, they're the same things really, is everything physical.
[02:23.300 --> 02:28.340]  Everything that boots up, that is your body, anything in your body, they're all different types of proteins.
[02:29.560 --> 02:32.500]  So it starts with something called transcription factor.
[02:32.640 --> 02:34.320]  That's the actual name of the enzyme.
[02:34.740 --> 02:36.500]  And it finds a place on the DNA.
[02:37.000 --> 02:41.540]  And there's a whole bundle, a whole complex of proteins.
[02:41.740 --> 02:43.680]  And this goes along this transcription factor.
[02:43.780 --> 02:45.920]  And it's reading the DNA right at the beginning of a gene.
[02:46.080 --> 02:49.000]  And it's actually transcribing the RNA.
[02:49.700 --> 02:53.100]  And this is kind of like booting it up into memory and loading it into RAM.
[02:53.100 --> 02:55.220]  You double click on something and it reads the program.
[02:55.720 --> 02:57.040]  And it starts reading it.
[02:57.160 --> 03:00.020]  Now, you don't actually mess with the system files.
[03:00.020 --> 03:02.480]  You just want a small copy of it to play with.
[03:02.600 --> 03:04.000]  So this tape is cheap.
[03:04.200 --> 03:04.680]  It's RNA.
[03:04.680 --> 03:06.040]  You know, if it breaks or whatever.
[03:06.240 --> 03:09.820]  You're not going into the master record files and messing with it.
[03:10.280 --> 03:13.540]  So all the RNA, it goes into this intake port.
[03:13.560 --> 03:15.760]  And it comes out, again, another linear tape.
[03:15.840 --> 03:20.020]  So these things are like old school paper tapes that you could feed into something.
[03:20.020 --> 03:24.000]  And they're truly digital code because they're discrete units.
[03:24.700 --> 03:27.380]  And not an analog wave or something like that.
[03:28.060 --> 03:30.180]  So then, the RNA goes off.
[03:30.280 --> 03:32.000]  And it goes to this thing called a ribosome.
[03:32.320 --> 03:33.200]  This is your factory.
[03:33.320 --> 03:34.380]  This is your molecular factory.
[03:34.520 --> 03:35.540]  It's kind of like your 3D printer.
[03:35.820 --> 03:37.020]  It reads it like a tape.
[03:37.180 --> 03:38.480]  The information is read in.
[03:38.660 --> 03:39.920]  And raw materials go in.
[03:40.020 --> 03:41.780]  And finished product comes out the other end.
[03:42.320 --> 03:44.320]  These are transfer RNA molecules.
[03:44.500 --> 03:47.380]  And the tips, those little red tips, those are the different amino acids.
[03:47.740 --> 03:51.980]  And this is where we do the translational period.
[03:52.700 --> 03:55.740]  So we'll see a cutaway of the ribosome here.
[03:55.880 --> 03:59.540]  The tape is being read through the ribosome.
[03:59.660 --> 04:05.680]  And out the top, that red that's growing, that's an amino acid sequence that's going to fold up into a protein.
[04:05.680 --> 04:07.340]  And these come and they plug in.
[04:07.560 --> 04:10.820]  And for every three letters of RNA, you get one amino acid.
[04:11.020 --> 04:13.080]  So these are called codons that plug in.
[04:13.400 --> 04:17.100]  And this is actual hemoglobin molecule that's being built right here.
[04:17.260 --> 04:23.840]  And since the cell is mostly water, some of the parts of the amino acids, they like water, they don't like water, they're polar, nonpolar, all this stuff.
[04:24.080 --> 04:29.340]  They will fold into a specific shape and then kind of like be booted up and functional and operational.
[04:30.780 --> 04:32.160]  And then it floats off.
[04:33.200 --> 04:34.240]  So here we are.
[04:34.340 --> 04:38.840]  We have DNA, RNA, and then the amino acid sequence.
[04:39.020 --> 04:40.400]  And I'll get more into this in a minute.
[04:42.180 --> 04:44.440]  There's 20 or so amino acids.
[04:44.600 --> 04:46.180]  We produce most of them, but not all of them.
[04:46.600 --> 04:47.780]  Here's a chart of them.
[04:48.060 --> 04:48.980]  As you can see...
[04:48.980 --> 04:49.820]  Can you see my mouse here?
[04:49.980 --> 04:51.560]  On one side is the amino group.
[04:51.640 --> 04:53.160]  On the other side is the acid group.
[04:53.340 --> 04:57.120]  So an H from this side and an OH from that side pop off and make water.
[04:57.240 --> 04:59.280]  And you can polymerize a long chain.
[04:59.280 --> 05:02.440]  And they stick together because they have the same ends on both ends.
[05:02.560 --> 05:06.020]  And then this R group down here, that's where they're all different.
[05:06.160 --> 05:09.380]  All the different colors right here, those are the different properties that you get.
[05:09.480 --> 05:11.100]  So some of them have different electrical charges.
[05:11.360 --> 05:13.200]  Some of them, like I said, were attracted to water.
[05:14.020 --> 05:14.820]  Hydrophilic, hydrophobic.
[05:15.380 --> 05:18.580]  And these are kind of like the letters of the alphabet.
[05:19.120 --> 05:22.500]  With the 26 letters of the alphabet, you can string them together.
[05:22.820 --> 05:26.340]  Make any word, sentence, paragraph, different functions, different statements.
[05:26.340 --> 05:30.460]  These are the modular base units, the elementary units that you can make.
[05:30.580 --> 05:33.060]  Any and every protein in all of life.
[05:34.280 --> 05:36.340]  So you have an amino acid sequence.
[05:37.020 --> 05:37.360]  And this is what I'm saying.
[05:37.420 --> 05:39.080]  It folds into a protein.
[05:39.920 --> 05:42.900]  And this is like a program that's booted up.
[05:42.940 --> 05:43.460]  It's interactive.
[05:43.520 --> 05:44.160]  It's dynamic.
[05:44.440 --> 05:49.460]  You can play with it and it plays back like an interface or something like that.
[05:49.560 --> 05:51.000]  These proteins, they're grabbing things.
[05:51.140 --> 05:51.760]  They're reading DNA.
[05:51.920 --> 05:53.360]  They're very active and dynamic.
[05:54.020 --> 05:58.140]  To me, I see this as like a bin hex conversion chart.
[05:58.380 --> 06:00.900]  So most people can't read binary.
[06:01.100 --> 06:02.380]  It's not very human intuitive.
[06:02.520 --> 06:04.840]  So you have a 16-bit system hex.
[06:05.180 --> 06:07.000]  A lot of y'all might be familiar with this.
[06:07.640 --> 06:09.360]  It's kind of an in-between.
[06:09.660 --> 06:10.820]  It's more human intuitive.
[06:11.040 --> 06:11.920]  It's kind of human readable.
[06:12.140 --> 06:17.820]  You can compress a lot of data down into a smaller amount of unit before it goes fully into plain readable text.
[06:18.440 --> 06:22.280]  To me, this is the RNA into the amino acid sequence.
[06:22.420 --> 06:25.680]  It's actually a four to the third, a 64-bit system.
[06:25.880 --> 06:28.820]  And you can read them if you start from the inside out.
[06:28.820 --> 06:32.400]  You can go into the different 20 amino acids around the sides here.
[06:32.620 --> 06:35.920]  So if you have like G, C, U, it would be alanine.
[06:37.140 --> 06:39.780]  Here's the same information just presented in a different chart.
[06:39.840 --> 06:43.940]  But if you notice the green and the red, these things are called codons.
[06:43.940 --> 06:52.240]  And these are actually the start and the stop sequences that are on the RNA that signal to the ribosome where the data actually begins and where to stop.
[06:53.400 --> 06:56.680]  So I see this a lot as data encapsulation.
[06:56.800 --> 06:59.280]  Like the TCP IP Ethernet packets.
[06:59.400 --> 07:00.280]  All that kind of stuff.
[07:00.400 --> 07:04.400]  How you have encapsulated nested layers of data that pass them up to the higher levels.
[07:04.940 --> 07:06.020]  The same thing is true.
[07:06.960 --> 07:08.280]  Here's an Ethernet frame.
[07:08.280 --> 07:14.220]  And down below, I'll go more into this, but this is the actual semantic dictation of what is on that.
[07:14.780 --> 07:17.860]  The promoter is kind of like your if-then statement.
[07:17.980 --> 07:22.060]  This is what starts up and begins the transcription process.
[07:22.320 --> 07:26.720]  The ribosome binding site, that's where the ribosome actually sees to start reading the code.
[07:27.040 --> 07:31.020]  The protein, that's actually like your payload, your data right there.
[07:31.140 --> 07:32.240]  And then there's the stop.
[07:32.780 --> 07:36.760]  So I made this, this is actually all real sequence I went and looked up.
[07:36.960 --> 07:38.960]  So here's a little bit of a promoter code.
[07:39.240 --> 07:41.500]  Beneath that is the ribosome binding sequence.
[07:41.680 --> 07:43.100]  There's actually a six letter gap.
[07:43.480 --> 07:44.420]  Start codon.
[07:44.780 --> 07:47.080]  This is the green fluorescent protein.
[07:47.220 --> 07:51.020]  That would be your actual expression of, that's your data right there.
[07:51.100 --> 07:52.420]  Then stop in the terminators.
[07:54.360 --> 07:55.120]  OSI model.
[07:55.280 --> 07:56.160]  Same sort of thing.
[07:56.300 --> 07:58.620]  How you have raw data at the bottom in each layer.
[07:58.780 --> 07:59.940]  It's passed up in the beginning.
[07:59.960 --> 08:02.200]  It's stripped off and passed to the next upper layer.
[08:02.200 --> 08:04.800]  I see it as kind of the same thing as this.
[08:04.980 --> 08:06.580]  You would read the promoter, skip that off.
[08:07.480 --> 08:09.060]  Ribosome binding site, break that off.
[08:09.160 --> 08:11.780]  And each one is passed up to its next system.
[08:12.760 --> 08:17.140]  This is just a little example of what a TCP IP packet and what it contains.
[08:17.160 --> 08:18.640]  The padding, all that.
[08:18.740 --> 08:20.940]  So we actually have a padding right here.
[08:21.020 --> 08:23.440]  This in between the codon and ribosome binding site.
[08:23.600 --> 08:26.940]  So there's a lot of analogies that can be seen between these.
[08:27.820 --> 08:28.820]  Here's the plasmid.
[08:28.980 --> 08:31.820]  And on the plasmid there's more than just the actual protein.
[08:31.820 --> 08:36.960]  There's all kinds of flags, all kinds of locators, origins of replication sites.
[08:37.100 --> 08:42.020]  All these sorts of things that could be similar, analogous to a TCP IP packet.
[08:42.540 --> 08:46.000]  The other thing that's really cool is DNA is written anti-parallel.
[08:46.100 --> 08:48.400]  It goes in opposite direction and there's two sides.
[08:48.540 --> 08:53.540]  So like a cassette tape, could you flip it over and play the reverse side and have completely different information?
[08:53.540 --> 08:56.420]  Yes, that's true with the plasmid.
[08:56.460 --> 08:59.700]  You can read it one way and you can actually read it counter the other way.
[09:00.060 --> 09:02.860]  And there's different things.
[09:03.880 --> 09:04.280]  Another...
[09:05.620 --> 09:07.220]  Sorry, I don't do this well.
[09:09.580 --> 09:13.280]  Plasmid map right here, just a map showing you how analogous this is.
[09:13.280 --> 09:16.500]  So I started talking about these as like modular parts.
[09:16.620 --> 09:18.740]  I was mentioning promoters, ribosome binding sites.
[09:18.920 --> 09:20.760]  And these look kind of like Lego blocks.
[09:20.940 --> 09:21.880]  And this is what we need.
[09:22.080 --> 09:28.200]  We need a symbol, symbolic logic that can actually break down what these parts are so we can actually make things.
[09:28.200 --> 09:32.400]  So somebody introduced a model up at MIT called Biobricks.
[09:32.660 --> 09:35.940]  And they're kind of like Lego blocks is their thing.
[09:36.200 --> 09:40.400]  And there's actually a catalog of standard registry of biological parts you can look up.
[09:40.460 --> 09:41.660]  It's all open-source information.
[09:41.660 --> 09:43.000]  You can get the raw material.
[09:43.760 --> 09:44.940]  You can look for anything.
[09:45.180 --> 09:46.980]  You can look for signaling pathways.
[09:47.200 --> 09:49.460]  You can look for detectors, chemical detectors.
[09:49.680 --> 09:52.020]  And these things can do like parts per billion.
[09:53.140 --> 09:54.560]  Sensors we can't even build yet.
[09:55.420 --> 09:57.880]  So a lot of this came out of the electrical engineering.
[09:57.880 --> 10:01.420]  The guys that actually built this at MIT were in the 60s doing electrical engineering.
[10:01.820 --> 10:03.520]  And we have symbols.
[10:03.700 --> 10:10.280]  We have logic gates that represent real devices that we kind of can stitch together on schematic diagrams.
[10:10.420 --> 10:12.940]  And we can make functional circuits that actually do things.
[10:13.360 --> 10:14.100]  Yeah, right?
[10:14.200 --> 10:15.120]  Let's go back to that again.
[10:17.360 --> 10:21.380]  So at the top you have an electrical diagram, a circuit.
[10:21.620 --> 10:23.780]  The bottom, can you make gene circuits?
[10:23.980 --> 10:25.180]  And why not?
[10:25.180 --> 10:28.120]  So how do you actually make them standardized?
[10:28.440 --> 10:31.380]  How do you make them so you can cut them and splice them like that?
[10:31.520 --> 10:36.740]  So if you have two biobrick parts, and these are plasmids, two circular plasmids, part A and part B.
[10:37.100 --> 10:39.360]  They have those restriction enzymes that cut.
[10:39.940 --> 10:42.040]  There's two prefixes and two suffixes.
[10:42.420 --> 10:43.860]  Eco-R1, all these things.
[10:44.000 --> 10:45.860]  And you can cut at these specific places.
[10:46.480 --> 10:49.700]  So that's the biobrick format right there.
[10:49.700 --> 10:51.540]  So say you have two different plasmids.
[10:51.640 --> 10:54.460]  Right here you have a promoter on this plasmid.
[10:54.600 --> 10:57.660]  And over here you have the ribosome binding site and the actual protein.
[10:57.900 --> 11:01.520]  And say you want to make a genetic circuit and pair these off together.
[11:01.740 --> 11:04.440]  You can cut out between the E and the S.
[11:04.620 --> 11:07.440]  Then open up on the other plasmid between the E and the X.
[11:08.240 --> 11:10.700]  And splice them together with the DNA ligase.
[11:10.700 --> 11:13.980]  And then you still see the same prefixes and suffixes on the end.
[11:14.060 --> 11:15.280]  So you could cut that whole statement out.
[11:15.400 --> 11:16.960]  You could open them up at the beginning and at the end.
[11:17.060 --> 11:18.140]  And this is why they're modular.
[11:18.300 --> 11:20.940]  This is why it's true building blocks that can just kind of snap together.
[11:22.360 --> 11:26.160]  So like these kits that are made for fun, for kids to play with.
[11:26.340 --> 11:27.900]  And they're just easy to snap together.
[11:28.780 --> 11:30.760]  We need something like this for biobricks.
[11:30.820 --> 11:35.360]  That makes it really easy to put sensors and promoters and different things together to make circuits.
[11:37.680 --> 11:43.380]  Kind of in review, this is like the OSI model where you would have different layers of data.
[11:43.560 --> 11:47.300]  You would have different physical things that go along with that.
[11:47.680 --> 11:50.560]  And I would like to suggest a framework to think in.
[11:50.700 --> 11:53.460]  Of something sort of like this that we could all kind of build out together.
[11:53.700 --> 11:57.180]  Where you could find, oh, this belongs more to the data layer down here.
[11:57.260 --> 12:00.060]  Oh, this is more of a protein interaction, a complex.
[12:01.380 --> 12:06.820]  One of the last things, here's a list of standard ports that firewalls listen on.
[12:07.300 --> 12:09.380]  And you have different services that can listen.
[12:09.460 --> 12:10.260]  They can receive data.
[12:10.340 --> 12:11.500]  They can do all these different things.
[12:12.040 --> 12:13.860]  I see this as like the cell membrane.
[12:13.980 --> 12:16.920]  You have the cell membrane that separates the outside from the end.
[12:17.020 --> 12:18.440]  And this is like your firewall.
[12:18.720 --> 12:24.600]  And there's actual proteins that float inside of the firewall like that or membrane.
[12:24.960 --> 12:28.200]  And there's all kinds of signaling pathways on the outside like that.
[12:28.200 --> 12:29.560]  They can detect what's out there.
[12:29.660 --> 12:30.640]  They can open up things.
[12:31.040 --> 12:31.720]  So like this.
[12:31.760 --> 12:33.520]  This is kind of like just a doorbell or something.
[12:33.620 --> 12:34.800]  It's just a button that it can push.
[12:34.960 --> 12:37.680]  It can detect a signal or a chemical.
[12:37.880 --> 12:42.140]  And it has an intracellular response where it knows what's on the outside or how much.
[12:42.420 --> 12:45.520]  Other ones actually change confirmation and can let in whole things.
[12:46.140 --> 12:51.040]  I don't have a picture for the third class, but there's one that's even... it needs a key to open it up.
[12:51.100 --> 12:52.900]  So it's like an SSL certificate or something.
[12:53.100 --> 12:57.200]  And then a whole port will open up and it can receive large packages in.
[12:57.200 --> 12:59.120]  Huge, huge, huge things can come in.
[12:59.240 --> 13:00.520]  But it's only with the right key.
[13:00.760 --> 13:02.320]  So a lot of these are analogous.
[13:02.460 --> 13:06.880]  So say you want to actually boot up a new program to start listening on a certain port.
[13:07.240 --> 13:08.720]  How would you do that on a cell?
[13:08.880 --> 13:11.120]  Well, you would transcribe it and then there's a ribosome.
[13:11.260 --> 13:13.660]  And there's these translocator sites on the cell membrane.
[13:13.760 --> 13:15.820]  And you see the RNA feeding through the top.
[13:16.280 --> 13:21.340]  And there's your new protein and it's floating on both sides of the cell membrane so it can listen and interact.
[13:21.440 --> 13:22.540]  So you could actually design these.
[13:23.240 --> 13:27.140]  So in quick conclusion, biology is an information technology.
[13:27.880 --> 13:29.340]  Chromosomes are like the system files.
[13:29.480 --> 13:31.220]  Plasmids are like your USB thumb drives.
[13:31.620 --> 13:33.160]  Cell membranes are like firewalls.
[13:33.340 --> 13:36.620]  There's modular parts to make it a true engineering platform.
[13:36.980 --> 13:39.520]  There's encapsulated hierarchical data layers.
[13:39.720 --> 13:42.920]  And promoters can act as if-then functional statements.
[13:43.080 --> 13:48.460]  I forgot to mention promoters can be chemical sensing that they will only turn on in the presence of certain things.
[13:48.460 --> 13:50.880]  It could be light, chemicals, anything.
[13:51.820 --> 13:54.060]  So here's some contact information.
[13:54.620 --> 13:57.660]  And my lab is Biologic Labs in Norfolk, Virginia.
[13:58.440 --> 14:00.220]  And that's my half right there.
[14:00.780 --> 14:04.680]  Kevin's going to describe the macro level of all this now.
[14:04.680 --> 14:05.180]  Oh, yeah, yeah.
[14:05.380 --> 14:07.200]  And we need the USB.
[14:07.500 --> 14:07.820]  I mean, yeah.
[14:08.500 --> 14:08.820]  VGA.
[14:09.660 --> 14:12.780]  Yeah, so as Jameson mentioned, okay, cool.
[14:12.920 --> 14:13.140]  I'll do it.
[14:13.260 --> 14:13.840]  It's kind of tight.
[14:18.780 --> 14:28.340]  I'm going to chat a bit more about the actual physical things that you'd be doing in a lab to build a Biobrick, very simply.
[14:29.080 --> 14:31.580]  And so slides will boot up.
[14:31.840 --> 14:31.900]  Good.
[14:33.240 --> 14:33.680]  Awesome.
[14:38.890 --> 14:39.550]  All right.
[14:41.150 --> 14:41.590]  Presentation.
[14:47.340 --> 14:48.100]  Where's the presentation?
[14:48.480 --> 14:50.040]  I can't really tell me.
[14:52.380 --> 14:52.820]  Preview.
[14:52.820 --> 14:53.260]  Present.
[14:54.080 --> 14:54.240]  Oh, yeah.
[14:55.020 --> 14:55.080]  Okay.
[14:56.140 --> 14:57.020]  Oh, because it's not sure.
[14:57.020 --> 14:57.240]  All right.
[14:57.420 --> 14:57.500]  Yeah.
[14:58.940 --> 14:59.380]  Cool.
[15:01.700 --> 15:02.240]  All right.
[15:02.480 --> 15:05.520]  So getting into the more, like, physical, like, what you're actually doing.
[15:05.540 --> 15:07.220]  In a lab to build a Biobrick.
[15:07.520 --> 15:09.580]  And just to give a bit of an introduction to the types of stuff that we do.
[15:10.680 --> 15:12.940]  BricoBio is the do-it-yourself biology space in Montreal.
[15:13.240 --> 15:14.940]  And these are just a few photos from our group.
[15:15.500 --> 15:18.440]  We ran our first hackathon just last weekend, which is pretty cool.
[15:18.540 --> 15:20.560]  We just got a bunch of biologists that sit down and hack things.
[15:21.200 --> 15:26.760]  We built a machine learning algorithm to look at mammograms and be able to identify breast cancer more effectively.
[15:28.220 --> 15:34.280]  And in the bottom, the samples that you're looking at here are samples that we took from the actual venue.
[15:34.280 --> 15:37.920]  And just to see what kind of bacteria is growing, which are the dirtier parts.
[15:38.260 --> 15:43.840]  And I think the dirtiest one is the sponge used to clean the bar.
[15:44.640 --> 15:45.620]  And that's pretty nasty.
[15:45.860 --> 15:49.440]  So these are the interesting, you know, fun, weird things that you can do with biology.
[15:51.060 --> 16:01.580]  And the other thing that we've done, and this is my, you know, daytime job, is that we started a company two years ago that's focused on engineering yeast to produce the active chemical components of cannabis.
[16:01.640 --> 16:09.580]  So looking at that whole industry and what medical potential is out there, we'd like to be able to produce this stuff as easily as producing aspirin, for example.
[16:10.100 --> 16:13.420]  And so that's the start-up that's been around for two years now.
[16:13.820 --> 16:22.260]  And overall, you know, we built a prototype going for a second round of funding and very much more, you know, in the traditional, like, industry of, like, biotechnology.
[16:22.880 --> 16:28.160]  But that came out of our group and our founders, which is really, really interesting for, you know, these types of communities that create these things.
[16:30.600 --> 16:34.660]  Anyways, I'm going to talk about how to actually build your first biobrick.
[16:37.220 --> 16:43.820]  And we've probably seen a lot of stuff around, like, strawberry DNA extractions or expressing fluorescence protein and, like, seeing these, like, colored bacteria, and that's pretty cool.
[16:44.980 --> 16:50.880]  For this time, I want to get a little bit, like, beyond that and say, like, okay, now you're actually going to build your own biobrick instead of working with other stuff that people tell you to do.
[16:52.940 --> 16:54.840]  First step in doing that is finding a sample.
[16:55.000 --> 17:00.240]  So this is also, you know, maybe one of the hardest steps because you have to figure out what's interesting and what's useful.
[17:03.120 --> 17:08.120]  So, I mean, you could think of things like taking a flower from your garden, trying to pick a gene out of that.
[17:08.460 --> 17:12.040]  You'd have to look up the sequence online and find out which gene you actually want to take out.
[17:12.800 --> 17:15.920]  Or, as another example, you could think of more of a functional gene.
[17:16.080 --> 17:20.740]  Like, if you wanted to clone, you could actually clone a fluorescence gene if you are living, you know, by the ocean.
[17:20.820 --> 17:21.620]  There's some jellyfish in the water.
[17:21.700 --> 17:24.260]  You can maybe, like, get some DNA out of those and try and clone it yourself.
[17:24.980 --> 17:26.700]  It would be an interesting experiment.
[17:27.420 --> 17:37.720]  But you could also clone something sentimental where maybe there's, like, a family member or your pet that you'd want to have a permanent piece of, like, a genetic sequence from, you know, your pet.
[17:37.820 --> 17:45.760]  And you could keep that somewhere or even incorporate that into jewelry is, like, another interesting concept that's coming out now of DNA for, I guess, data storage overall.
[17:46.500 --> 17:55.820]  But you can create something that will... basically a biological piece of information that is from, you know, that entity that will basically live forever.
[17:56.760 --> 18:01.560]  And so it's an interesting, you know, thing that you could think about when you're trying to decide what sample you want to work with.
[18:04.200 --> 18:09.080]  Next step is to actually extract your DNA and... from your organism.
[18:09.460 --> 18:15.400]  And ideally, you're not going to do something like this where you're, you know, grinding up your friends and catching them in a bucket and trying to get their DNA out.
[18:15.400 --> 18:15.420]  Right.
[18:16.560 --> 18:22.500]  Usually what you do is just... there's all kinds of different kits that are out there for doing DNA extraction.
[18:23.780 --> 18:25.120]  And that's what you'd start with.
[18:25.220 --> 18:26.960]  It's just Googling different kits or protocols.
[18:27.640 --> 18:32.980]  A lot of these are quite easy to use or maybe just have to buy a certain type of kit.
[18:33.960 --> 18:37.700]  You can actually kind of do a lot of this with household products if you look online.
[18:37.700 --> 18:40.520]  There's cool replacements and cheap walk-arounds and stuff, too.
[18:40.520 --> 18:41.300]  Yeah, yeah.
[18:41.740 --> 18:48.300]  And so just as another example with a human DNA is that you can do what's called a buccal swab, where you're just swabbing some of your cheek cells.
[18:48.500 --> 18:54.080]  And then you can extract some DNA from that and run your PCR and actually be able to get a chunk of your own DNA out.
[18:56.180 --> 19:16.880]  And then so just to go over some equipment that you are going to have to buy some extra equipment to actually do all these kinds of experiments, which is you won't have to worry about this if you're near a local DIY biospace or maybe you should just get a bunch of friends to each pitch 50 or 100 bucks to actually buy all the equipment and build your own space.
[19:17.840 --> 19:26.660]  Overall, you know, the cost of getting this equipment and you could also get discarded equipment from actual research labs if you have friends that do work in biology labs.
[19:27.000 --> 19:27.420]  Yeah, yeah.
[19:27.620 --> 19:29.340]  You can get a lot of it for fairly cheap.
[19:30.880 --> 19:34.500]  Just an example, this is a plant DNA extraction kit.
[19:34.700 --> 19:44.020]  So this is commercially available for, the price here is like $218, which is like fairly expensive for something that's basically, you know, mortar and pestle and some tubes.
[19:45.840 --> 19:48.480]  I mean, there's a bunch of different ways that you can actually do this kind of process.
[19:48.860 --> 19:52.360]  It's a matter of like looking through the actual protocols, finding the right one that works for you.
[19:52.560 --> 19:59.320]  And then, you know, ideally you're working with some friends that can also look through the protocols to make sure that you're not doing anything dangerous.
[19:59.480 --> 20:01.820]  I know that some of these protocols will involve using things like chloroform.
[20:02.880 --> 20:05.960]  And you kind of want to, you know, avoid those types of chemicals in most cases.
[20:07.040 --> 20:09.340]  But this is the way that you go about this.
[20:10.660 --> 20:13.960]  Second step is to PCR amplify your gene itself.
[20:14.220 --> 20:17.740]  So, yes, this is a PCR machine.
[20:17.940 --> 20:24.340]  And what PCR is, I'm not going to get into the details of what, you know, the actual mechanism on the molecular level is.
[20:24.440 --> 20:25.420]  You can look this up on YouTube.
[20:25.660 --> 20:29.380]  There's a whole bunch of different explanations of why it's important, what it does actually in the cells.
[20:30.180 --> 20:36.200]  But basically what it does is it makes a copy of the gene that you want and ideally nothing else.
[20:36.200 --> 20:43.560]  So it's like if you took a Shakespeare book, threw it into a photocopy machine, and you wanted page 72, line number 7 of Romeo and Juliet.
[20:43.800 --> 20:46.400]  And they would give you, you know, hundreds of millions of copies of that.
[20:46.560 --> 20:47.720]  And that's essentially what it does.
[20:47.900 --> 20:53.280]  And so that, except in our case, let's say I wanted to clone the gene of my hair color, for example.
[20:53.460 --> 21:04.060]  Then I can take my genome from my cells, put it into PCR reaction, and the end result will be, you know, just the gene that is responsible for giving me my hair color.
[21:04.060 --> 21:06.720]  And you can do this from a single piece of DNA, too.
[21:06.860 --> 21:07.760]  It goes all the way down to that.
[21:08.160 --> 21:08.480]  Yeah.
[21:09.100 --> 21:11.520]  So this is also its own little protocol that you can look up online.
[21:11.600 --> 21:18.400]  You have to order something that's called primers, which are basically small segments of DNA that initiate the replication of the segment that you want.
[21:19.260 --> 21:21.340]  And these are also protocols that you can look up online.
[21:21.340 --> 21:31.460]  And actually what I'm planning to do after this is to find a way to share, you know, this protocol in a nice and easily accessible way, so that you can all look it up online, find it very easily, and then do this at home.
[21:34.280 --> 21:38.280]  Or, instead of actually getting your sample from the wild, you can also have it synthesized.
[21:38.940 --> 21:46.300]  That will involve sending your digital sequence, so you can write up, you know, A, T, C, G, the whole series of letters that you want to get ordered, and send that to a DNA synthesis company.
[21:46.500 --> 21:52.660]  And ideally, you know, a few weeks or a month later, they'll send you a small tube in the mail that will have your DNA segment in it.
[21:52.660 --> 22:02.940]  And I'd like to add that the cost for sequencing DNA and reading DNA is on this thing called the Carlson Curve, and it's actually falling ten times the rate of Moore's Law.
[22:03.200 --> 22:06.560]  So this is unprecedented technology that's a huge tsunami.
[22:06.740 --> 22:08.900]  We can't even wrap our heads around this.
[22:09.340 --> 22:15.280]  Yeah, so just a few years ago, this would have cost maybe one dollar for a base pair, and that's pretty, I believe, expensive for most people.
[22:15.780 --> 22:19.460]  Now it's dropped down to as little as ten cents, depending on who you're ordering from.
[22:20.020 --> 22:23.280]  Realistically, it's probably gonna be around 20 cents, depending on, you know, what your situation is like.
[22:23.660 --> 22:25.260]  Like, you know, it's...
[22:25.900 --> 22:29.300]  Having done this, gone through this whole process, you have to, like, really push to get it lower than ten cents.
[22:29.460 --> 22:36.080]  But anyways, you can order genes, and some genes are as small as 500 base pairs, which could be, like, 50 bucks, and that's not too bad.
[22:36.700 --> 22:41.840]  Maybe save you all the, you know, maybe the trouble, maybe the enjoyment of actually taking a sample from the wild.
[22:44.320 --> 22:49.180]  And then getting a PCR machine itself, there's a few different options that are more DIY-friendly.
[22:49.480 --> 22:51.720]  One of them is the OpenPCR, which, you know, we have right here.
[22:52.620 --> 22:56.080]  And it'll go for about $600, kind of thing.
[22:56.320 --> 23:01.940]  And they actually just redid this whole project just recently, and there's a whole new QPCR, quantitative PCR.
[23:02.140 --> 23:03.940]  It's a phenomenal box, yeah.
[23:04.120 --> 23:09.500]  Yeah, so you can get these machines for fairly cheap, or you can get them discarded and find, like, an old one from an old research lab.
[23:10.200 --> 23:13.620]  Another machine that's worth mentioning is the one on the left here, which is called the Bento Lab.
[23:13.800 --> 23:14.020]  Oh, yeah.
[23:14.020 --> 23:15.360]  That's a new product out of the UK.
[23:16.460 --> 23:22.040]  It used to be maybe about, like, $1,000 Canadian, so maybe, like, $900 U.S.
[23:22.260 --> 23:26.160]  But now that Brexit happened, I guess the UK pound is way lower, so now's a good time to buy in.
[23:27.480 --> 23:28.060]  Very timely.
[23:28.240 --> 23:30.680]  So you might be able to get this for, like, maybe $600 or $700.
[23:31.220 --> 23:36.100]  And what it has inside of it is a PCR machine, gel electrophoresis machine, and also a centrifuge.
[23:36.760 --> 23:40.600]  I'll talk a bit about gel electrophoresis machine, gel electrophoresis at the end.
[23:41.020 --> 23:46.060]  But a centrifuge is pretty important for actually processing your DNA samples, where you need to separate, you know, solids from liquids.
[23:46.340 --> 23:48.920]  And you do that by spinning, you know, your samples at high speeds.
[23:49.320 --> 23:53.240]  And this is kind of an all-in-one, out-in-the-fueled kit, is what they're kind of going for.
[23:53.320 --> 23:54.780]  Like a handle on it, you can just go.
[23:55.380 --> 23:57.660]  Yeah, it's a pretty impressive product, and I'm a huge fan of it.
[23:57.920 --> 24:01.360]  I've been supporting it since the beta program, but, yeah.
[24:02.980 --> 24:04.940]  So the next step is to actually get your gene.
[24:05.060 --> 24:06.400]  So you've got your gene PCR amplified.
[24:06.480 --> 24:09.380]  You have the sample of, like, linear DNA that is the gene that you want.
[24:09.480 --> 24:19.140]  So you've got, you know, your gene for your hair color, and you need to put it into a bacteria so that you can replicate that piece of DNA much more easily than doing PCR.
[24:19.440 --> 24:24.060]  And so this involves putting the DNA into an actual plasmid, which we just covered with Jameson.
[24:26.000 --> 24:27.620]  And to get the E.
[24:27.720 --> 24:30.380]  coli or DNA, you can get it from a few different sources.
[24:30.660 --> 24:38.620]  Either your local DIY lab will have these kinds of things, or there might be groups that will be open to shipping you, you know, basic E.
[24:38.620 --> 24:39.920]  coli strains and plasmid backbones.
[24:40.640 --> 24:43.800]  These are basically, you know, starter plasmids that you can put your DNA into.
[24:45.600 --> 24:49.060]  Shops like The Odin is one that's worth mentioning, that's out of the Bay Area.
[24:49.600 --> 24:53.520]  They're very, like, you know, hacker, DIY-oriented suppliers of lab materials.
[24:53.920 --> 24:55.680]  If you need cheap stuff, Josiah can really hook you up.
[24:55.840 --> 24:57.860]  It's, like, ten bucks for enzymes and stuff.
[24:57.960 --> 24:59.560]  Normally, it would be, like, five hundred dollars.
[25:00.960 --> 25:01.360]  Yeah, yeah.
[25:01.860 --> 25:05.020]  The traditional industry ones, industry prices are all, like, jacked up way crazy.
[25:05.180 --> 25:12.560]  And then, but if you get, I mean, for good reason to some extent, because if you're trying to do this in, like, a more serious lab and build pharmaceuticals, they kind of need to have certain standards.
[25:12.680 --> 25:16.900]  But if you're doing this more on, like, a hacker perspective, then you can drop those costs by a lot, and that's kind of what The Odin does.
[25:16.900 --> 25:17.260]  Yeah.
[25:19.860 --> 25:24.140]  Then you're going to clone your gene into your plasmid backbone, which we also just covered with Jameson.
[25:24.980 --> 25:29.720]  You'll need to buy a few extra materials, like DNA ligase and restriction enzymes.
[25:30.800 --> 25:33.880]  These will also cost maybe about 50 bucks to purchase.
[25:35.220 --> 25:38.560]  And there's actually repositories online, like AdGene.
[25:38.700 --> 25:43.840]  It's a free open-source plasmid database, and you can get them all synthesized right there for cheap.
[25:43.840 --> 25:47.620]  I think it's a non-profit company that's only for plasmids.
[25:47.960 --> 25:48.080]  Yeah.
[25:48.480 --> 25:48.540]  Yeah.
[25:50.520 --> 25:53.800]  So this is how you'd basically go around, go about doing that.
[25:54.020 --> 25:59.760]  And there's a little bit more, like, details and technical knowledge that you'd have to get into to plan that experiment.
[26:00.200 --> 26:01.500]  But it's not too difficult overall.
[26:01.700 --> 26:05.140]  What you're basically doing is cutting and pasting your gene into the plasmid.
[26:05.140 --> 26:11.780]  And then you can grow it in bacteria and have, you know, enormous quantities of it growing over time, rather than just, like, the small PCR sample.
[26:15.360 --> 26:19.500]  And then the last step is to actually get your bacteria... to get the DNA out of your bacteria.
[26:19.500 --> 26:24.200]  So you'll have, at the end, this culture of bacteria will just look like a hazy, you know, liquid.
[26:25.880 --> 26:27.680]  And your plasmid is inside that bacteria.
[26:27.680 --> 26:29.620]  So you have to get what's called a mini prep kit.
[26:31.020 --> 26:36.900]  And that's basically just a DNA extraction protocol for plasmids that are coming out of bacteria.
[26:37.080 --> 26:39.440]  And it's a very robust technique that's used all the time.
[26:39.720 --> 26:39.760]  Yeah, it's beautiful.
[26:40.460 --> 26:41.400]  Really easy to do.
[26:41.640 --> 26:44.880]  And then what you'd end up with is just your pure plasmid in the end.
[26:44.980 --> 26:46.500]  And that's what you'd put into storage.
[26:47.040 --> 26:51.620]  It's like a tiny drop of liquid with, like, 10,000 copies of the plasmid on it.
[26:51.900 --> 26:52.740]  Yeah, yeah.
[26:52.740 --> 26:54.320]  So, storage and verification.
[26:54.880 --> 26:56.980]  First, of course, you want to make sure that your sequence actually worked.
[26:57.720 --> 27:00.460]  And the best way to do that is by sequencing it.
[27:00.700 --> 27:03.600]  And so you can have a sequencing company actually do that for you.
[27:03.880 --> 27:07.720]  And that would cost maybe $10 to actually send it to them and have it read.
[27:07.900 --> 27:11.140]  And then they'll send you back the digital, you know, readout of what your sequence actually is.
[27:11.380 --> 27:15.440]  And so ideally, you know, you'd send them the reaction and then they'd read the sample.
[27:15.620 --> 27:22.260]  And what you'd get back is the sequence for, you know, your hair colour or for your gene of interest, Just whatever you picked.
[27:23.720 --> 27:24.680]  That would be interesting.
[27:25.460 --> 27:32.700]  And then, the other technique that you can use is called gel electrophoresis, which we also have, you know, demo box here of what that device looks like.
[27:32.980 --> 27:36.300]  And that's just a size check for, like, what the sequence actually is.
[27:36.460 --> 27:50.800]  So, if you started with a 500 base pair sequence, and you amplified that again and ran that on a gel, then what you'd see is a 500 base pair, you know, a line at the 500 base pair level, as you can see on the left.
[27:51.780 --> 27:58.260]  So, the far left is the DNA ladder, and that's different segments of different sizes of DNA, and depending on how far it travels, it's either smaller or larger.
[27:58.780 --> 28:02.560]  And so, that's how you gauge, you know, what the size of your DNA fragment actually is.
[28:02.700 --> 28:11.860]  So, the backbone of DNA has a negative charge on it from all the phosphors, and you can actually separate it out across an electrical gradient by molecular weight, is what he's saying here.
[28:12.220 --> 28:16.980]  Yeah, it's a pretty neat technique to get into if you want to talk about molecular stuff again.
[28:17.380 --> 28:18.400]  But, we'll move on.
[28:19.520 --> 28:32.500]  For storage, DNA is really, really interesting, and this is where you're getting into the newer concepts of, like, your stories about Microsoft buying into DNA storage as a sort of long-term, like, could be the last 200 years kind of storage of information.
[28:33.620 --> 28:40.960]  The best way to store DNA is either to air dry it, or to store it at minus 192 degrees Celsius.
[28:41.200 --> 28:46.580]  So, for those of you who have a minus 192 degrees Celsius freezer at home, that's the recommended method.
[28:47.080 --> 28:54.880]  But, otherwise, you can actually just, you know, open your tubes up, add a bit of alcohol to actually dry off all the water, and that should also last for a long time as well.
[28:56.940 --> 29:10.560]  Then there's minus 80 freezers, which are more common in biotechnology labs, and then you can also store it in your kitchen freezer, but that maybe, yeah, would last you some, on a monthly basis, rather than on, like, you know, 200 years kind of timeline.
[29:11.480 --> 29:11.840]  So...
[29:13.820 --> 29:14.320]  All right.
[29:14.980 --> 29:17.960]  The other question that's interesting is, like, how do you actually know if your gene is working?
[29:19.320 --> 29:23.360]  This is, like, depending on what your gene is, there's maybe a whole bunch of different ways to actually check that.
[29:23.820 --> 29:28.980]  If you're doing a fluorescence protein, that's very easy, because your, you know, bacteria will have that actual fluorescence property.
[29:29.220 --> 29:31.180]  It'll glow green or glow red or whatever else.
[29:32.020 --> 29:34.840]  But if you're doing something like a...
[29:36.100 --> 29:47.880]  I had muscles in the earlier slide for DNA samples, and there's a muscle foot binding protein, which is actually protein that sticks the muscle to a rock, which is really interesting, you know, has interesting properties like that.
[29:48.180 --> 29:58.620]  That would be a bit harder to actually test, because maybe you'd have to extract that protein and then, you know, not get it on your hands and maybe glue two things together, and that'd be your way of testing that.
[30:00.260 --> 30:03.000]  And so that gets a bit more in-depth, but it's also really, really interesting.
[30:03.160 --> 30:08.100]  And that's maybe one of the key things about getting a new biobrick, is that you ideally want to have it be a functional part.
[30:10.380 --> 30:13.300]  And maybe if you're using it, looking at protein like that, that's really interesting.
[30:13.580 --> 30:23.280]  But if you're looking at a promoter, that may be a bit easier, where the common way of testing if a promoter works is whether or not it actually expresses, you know, a gene that's interesting.
[30:23.280 --> 30:28.200]  So you'd have your promoter in front of your fluorescent protein, and if your opponent works, you'll see fluorescence, for example.
[30:30.300 --> 30:32.720]  But we can talk about that more in-depth, like sitting down together.
[30:34.720 --> 30:45.320]  Just a quick word about budgeting and what you can kind of expect, is that to get all of the equipment going, you maybe want to spend about like a thousand dollars, mostly on the PCR machine itself.
[30:45.480 --> 30:51.560]  So you get the PCR machine and the pipettes and glassware, if you can get the equipment for free or at like a local DIY lab.
[30:52.020 --> 30:53.760]  This becomes a very cheap experiment to run.
[30:54.020 --> 30:58.460]  You just need to gather a bunch of friends and each pitch about $20 to actually do a set of experiments.
[30:59.140 --> 31:03.440]  And then the cost per experiment itself gets to be pretty low.
[31:05.940 --> 31:09.380]  But just so that there's no surprises in terms of like, oh my god, I have to spend like all this money.
[31:09.800 --> 31:09.980]  Anyways.
[31:10.180 --> 31:13.260]  But this is phenomenally cheaper than it cost 20 years ago.
[31:13.460 --> 31:14.480]  It was like millions of dollars.
[31:14.640 --> 31:15.200]  Yeah, yeah, definitely.
[31:16.920 --> 31:19.960]  And then ideally, you know, in the next two years, you'll all do this experiment.
[31:20.140 --> 31:29.420]  You'll have a gene that's sitting in your freezer, or not sitting in your freezer, sitting in your minus 192 Celsius fridge or at home on your table in like a dried sample.
[31:29.780 --> 31:31.980]  And you can bring that back to HOPE 12.
[31:32.960 --> 31:34.000]  And we'll do a gene swap.
[31:34.180 --> 31:37.040]  We'll all have our own genes and we'll talk about what we brought in.
[31:37.260 --> 31:44.080]  And we can actually grow and replicate those genes, you know, here at HOPE over the two day period, grow some bacteria, get a new plasmid out.
[31:44.080 --> 31:49.820]  And then we'll, you know, ideally be able to have our own little gene repository built by hackers.
[31:50.440 --> 31:53.780]  One thing we're going to try to do is get the different fluorescent protein colors.
[31:53.800 --> 31:57.500]  There's a whole class of colors that people can like paint with and do bio art with.
[31:57.720 --> 32:01.700]  We're going to try to get like a little group of those so you can have a whole color palette to work with.
[32:01.700 --> 32:02.320]  Yeah.
[32:02.540 --> 32:02.680]  Yeah.
[32:04.700 --> 32:13.600]  And so a question for the audience actually, and you guys can just yell this out, is I haven't quite figured out what the best way is to actually share this kind of information with you guys.
[32:14.560 --> 32:18.740]  There's, of course, you know, you could use GitHub and like latex and things like that or build websites.
[32:19.600 --> 32:23.580]  If anyone has any suggestions, you can either yell them out now or mention them during the question period.
[32:24.000 --> 32:36.160]  But I'm looking for the best possible way to actually, you know, get this information, make it accessible and make it collaborative so that I can actually share this information more easily with other biohackers and with the general public as well.
[32:38.420 --> 32:41.760]  And now just to get into more of the other sides...
[32:42.960 --> 32:45.340]  Yeah, biohacking is a very wide term.
[32:45.660 --> 32:46.860]  Yeah, biohacking is a wide term.
[32:47.080 --> 32:54.220]  And just to get into a bit more of like other things that you can do aside from just cloning biobricks, there's a few examples, examples like worth mentioning.
[32:54.640 --> 32:57.620]  Up in the top left, this is kombucha.
[32:58.140 --> 32:59.200]  It looks pretty scary.
[32:59.600 --> 33:04.260]  And I mean, somebody figured out how to make that substance, you know, way back in history.
[33:04.820 --> 33:11.060]  And so there's a lot of work to be done or interesting things that you could be doing with food, experimenting with gastronomy.
[33:12.320 --> 33:17.180]  People are making like dresses and stuff out of kombucha cultures and weird new biomaterials.
[33:17.500 --> 33:18.080]  Yeah, yeah.
[33:18.160 --> 33:19.640]  There's a lot of really fascinating stuff that you get into.
[33:19.640 --> 33:26.940]  And then on the upper right, this is a realm of biohacking that gets more into the electronic implant section.
[33:27.060 --> 33:29.160]  So that's an RFID chip that you can implant into your hand.
[33:29.680 --> 33:30.080]  Grinders.
[33:30.160 --> 33:31.060]  Yeah, grinders.
[33:31.140 --> 33:32.440]  Yeah, that's the term for it.
[33:33.560 --> 33:37.680]  And we've seen bigger electronic devices that have been embedded in people's arms.
[33:37.780 --> 33:40.720]  You kind of see this stuff if you follow Wired a lot or whatever else.
[33:41.600 --> 33:42.940]  North Star and all that, yeah.
[33:42.940 --> 33:43.640]  Yeah, yeah.
[33:43.760 --> 33:44.900]  It gets pretty funky.
[33:47.200 --> 33:47.980]  Be safe.
[33:49.900 --> 34:02.880]  And speaking of being safe, the other one, that biohacking that comes up is the use of what's called smart drugs or nootropics where you're using different kinds of substances to, you know, augment your...
[34:03.340 --> 34:04.060]  Cognitive abilities.
[34:04.060 --> 34:05.520]  Cognitive abilities or whatever else.
[34:05.820 --> 34:13.700]  I mean, that's getting into as sketchy as things as like steroids or like modafinil is also an interesting one that's quite popular.
[34:15.640 --> 34:22.300]  I don't personally engage too much with this stuff yet because I need to do more research into it and what's safe and what's not.
[34:22.460 --> 34:29.060]  And a lot of it is also maybe not entirely true about like, you know, maybe let's just sell you some vitamin, tell you that it makes you happy or whatever, and then like, okay.
[34:31.860 --> 34:36.780]  But that's also an interesting section of biohacking that's a little bit separate from the whole like gene and biotech stuff.
[34:37.680 --> 34:48.080]  And the other section of hacking around biotech that's interesting is in the bottom left there, you can look up this podcast called Rendered and they have an episode called Healthcare Hackers.
[34:48.180 --> 34:55.940]  And it talks about people with rare debilitating diseases that basically there's no real treatments that exist for them.
[34:56.080 --> 35:04.320]  And so what they've done in a lot of cases is that these people will go online, find their, you know, find out from other people who also have disease and exchange ideas for how they're treating themselves.
[35:04.500 --> 35:13.240]  Or maybe if they're stuck in bed, then there's maybe different ways of setting them, arranging themselves in bed or building devices that will help them communicate with the outside world or move around and things like that.
[35:13.380 --> 35:21.320]  So it's another section of hacking that's really interesting where you're, these people are basically in a situation where they're, it's a very difficult thing.
[35:21.500 --> 35:25.960]  They do have to hack, you know, their own lifestyles to actually be able to survive.
[35:26.400 --> 35:38.960]  And it's a really, really interesting section that's also interesting where, you know, you could be, instead of having, you know, them hacking themselves all the time, if there's ways for you also to help hack, you know, their diseases, there's a few different,
[35:39.000 --> 35:43.660]  I think, hackathons that are coming up that are oriented around this kind of area.
[35:46.240 --> 36:00.160]  And the other section is looking at things like art and culture where bio-art is a really, really interesting and, I think, is a rapidly growing topic where more and more stuff is becoming available and people are doing more interesting biological experiments and orienting them towards art.
[36:01.380 --> 36:07.480]  The, this is a product that I have going on right now which is called the Rakeout Solution.
[36:07.740 --> 36:13.460]  And it originally came from a podcast from 99% Invisible called 10,000 Years.
[36:13.760 --> 36:14.580]  You can look that up.
[36:14.880 --> 36:25.820]  But the idea is that this has to do with keeping track of where nuclear waste deposits are and how to avoid future populations from moving there.
[36:26.060 --> 36:38.020]  So you can imagine 10,000 years in the future if we still have these, you know, radioactive waste deposits and we build a city on top of it because maybe there's, over time, civilization dies and rebuilds itself and then you end up moving there or something like that.
[36:38.660 --> 36:43.140]  We should ideally have a warning system that will last 10,000 years in the future.
[36:43.480 --> 36:47.220]  And that means that language could change, symbols could change and a lot of other things could change.
[36:47.420 --> 36:56.700]  And so this is one idea which came out of a couple of philosophers from Europe was to, one, engineer a cat so that it responds, so it changes color in response to radiation.
[36:56.880 --> 36:58.960]  So if there's radiation around then your cat will change color.
[36:59.400 --> 37:14.320]  And then, two, build a culture and a legend around these cats so that maybe 10,000 years in the future our great, great, great, great, great, great grandkids will keep these cats for some reason and there will be this ongoing legend of like, oh yeah, if your cat changes color you should totally move somewhere else.
[37:15.280 --> 37:21.700]  And then ideally you'll end up with the situation of these areas where there's radiation around, these cats will be changing color and your kids will avoid them.
[37:22.440 --> 37:24.080]  And this is not too far-fetched.
[37:24.180 --> 37:24.960]  They've already done this.
[37:25.100 --> 37:29.540]  They've made landmine detecting flowers where they made them change red and glow in the dark.
[37:29.540 --> 37:34.160]  And poor countries that can't dig these up and do ordinances.
[37:34.300 --> 37:40.340]  They just drop them in a grass or a plant and anywhere there's red plants, you know, that breaks language barriers.
[37:40.980 --> 37:42.320]  Those are the dangerous plants.
[37:42.500 --> 37:42.980]  Don't go there.
[37:43.160 --> 37:46.480]  So these kinds of biological systems already exist to a certain extent.
[37:46.820 --> 37:48.840]  So it's definitely, you know, within the realm of possibility.
[37:49.620 --> 37:51.280]  The first thing that we're going to...
[37:51.280 --> 37:53.180]  We're going to launch a campaign fairly soon to actually...
[37:53.180 --> 37:57.020]  These are some designs made by students at the New Hampshire Institute of Art.
[37:57.020 --> 38:03.140]  And we are going to put these on t-shirts and you'll be able to buy them and start the whole cultural movement.
[38:03.340 --> 38:06.520]  You can join the efforts of creating the Raycat solution.
[38:08.580 --> 38:20.160]  The other thing that's worth mentioning as well is more on the culture and information sharing side where things like homeopathy and anti-vaccination, these are...
[38:20.160 --> 38:24.580]  If people were more aware of biology and of science, then you wouldn't end up, you know, having these problems.
[38:25.140 --> 38:30.060]  There's not too many people that are, you know, against iPhones, but... and if they are against iPhones, that's kind of okay.
[38:30.220 --> 38:40.180]  But if they're against vaccination, that's kind of putting, you know, not just them at risk for their own health, but putting other people around them at risk for, you know, getting diseases that we've eradicated a long time ago, like...
[38:40.760 --> 38:41.080]  Polio.
[38:41.080 --> 38:44.180]  What's, yeah, polio, and, like, measles, and, like...
[38:44.180 --> 38:44.580]  Weeping cough.
[38:44.740 --> 38:50.840]  And these other ones that have, like, these weird, you know, higher incidences now in, like, somewhere in the Beverly Hills area.
[38:51.020 --> 38:51.560]  Yeah, yeah.
[38:51.640 --> 38:52.800]  Very affluent areas.
[38:53.020 --> 38:54.460]  It's, like, you know, these areas that...
[38:54.460 --> 39:00.080]  In the developed world that are now developing these, you know, high-incidence of these diseases, which only...
[39:00.760 --> 39:07.360]  Those kinds of same level of, you know, incidences only exist in developing parts of the world where these vaccines don't exist.
[39:07.540 --> 39:10.260]  It's a bit of a cultural mystery.
[39:10.880 --> 39:16.640]  The other person, of course, is Alexandra Albakian, I think.
[39:16.960 --> 39:20.020]  I keep forgetting how to pronounce her name properly or what that actually is.
[39:21.240 --> 39:28.300]  Sci-Hub is a tool for looking up research papers and getting access to papers that are normally behind a paywall.
[39:28.500 --> 39:34.820]  So it's basically opening up thousands and thousands of dollars worth of papers that you'd normally have to spend money on.
[39:35.320 --> 39:36.280]  And making that free.
[39:37.100 --> 39:38.080]  And it's an amazing experiment.
[39:38.300 --> 39:41.420]  She'll probably, I mean, she would be a keynote here at some point in the near future, I think, overall.
[39:41.640 --> 39:45.900]  Because this is like, you know, a few, like what, 34 million papers that are on there.
[39:46.140 --> 39:49.300]  This is the kind of stuff that, you know, I think Aaron Swartz was getting into.
[39:50.160 --> 39:54.880]  What he got, you know, charged with is taking academic papers.
[39:54.880 --> 40:00.400]  So the biggest gripe with these is taxpayer-funded research that then you have to buy back.
[40:00.700 --> 40:02.360]  And they're kind of the gatekeepers.
[40:02.560 --> 40:03.900]  They hold all the equipment.
[40:04.500 --> 40:07.400]  They hold all the ways of testing it and proving it.
[40:07.780 --> 40:10.760]  So it's kind of this dogmatic thing of just take our word for it.
[40:10.860 --> 40:12.840]  And that's the anathema of science.
[40:13.200 --> 40:16.760]  It would be, no, no, you need your own equipment to verify it for yourself.
[40:16.760 --> 40:19.200]  It's about being skeptical and doubting what they're saying.
[40:19.560 --> 40:20.020]  So, yeah.
[40:20.740 --> 40:25.720]  And just to close out as well, we're getting worse at making pharmaceuticals.
[40:26.720 --> 40:28.540]  And there's a lot of reasons why this could be happening.
[40:28.760 --> 40:32.800]  But it's just something worth pointing out in terms of the importance of thinking about biology.
[40:35.260 --> 40:40.520]  And so, just to summarize, like, reasons why we would do, think about, reasons why it would be interesting to think about biology.
[40:41.060 --> 40:46.060]  For starters, a lot of what's going into biology right now kind of sucks in terms of the tools and the price they're at and all these other things.
[40:46.580 --> 40:49.440]  There's a very good chance that you could come up with a DIY solution for a lot of these things.
[40:49.440 --> 40:51.900]  And it would be better than what's out there as an industry standard.
[40:53.660 --> 40:54.700]  You could be saving the world.
[40:56.160 --> 40:59.960]  Interstellar, if you understand the plot of the story, basically Earth, they couldn't grow plants on Earth.
[41:00.120 --> 41:02.820]  And that was their main issue for, like, wanting to move into another planet.
[41:03.840 --> 41:06.800]  I say that's kind of ridiculous because it just means their biologists suck.
[41:08.940 --> 41:10.000]  And because it's awesome.
[41:10.100 --> 41:17.340]  You can actually think about ideas of how you would actually make a real Pikachu exist in real life, where maybe you're taking genes from an electric eel and putting them into a rat, and then you have this electric rat.
[41:17.920 --> 41:23.380]  It might not look as cute as Pikachu, but it's a fun idea to think about.
[41:24.940 --> 41:28.800]  And so, just to close out as well, I'll close out with a quote because I'm fancy like that.
[41:30.980 --> 41:31.700]  Perfect quote.
[41:31.800 --> 41:40.960]  To see a world in a grain of sand and heaven in a wildflower, to hold affinity in the palm of your hand and eternity in an hour.
[41:42.160 --> 41:44.980]  This is about biology, in my eyes, at least.
[41:44.980 --> 41:47.780]  You're looking at complex biological mechanisms that...
[41:47.780 --> 41:53.820]  You know, mechanisms that we're like bending my pinky right now is perhaps, you know, more advanced than any space shuttle that has ever gone into space.
[41:54.680 --> 41:55.620]  There's more stuff going on.
[41:55.800 --> 41:58.980]  More cells in your body than there are stars in the sky kind of ideas.
[41:59.840 --> 42:03.780]  And so, it's something that you interact with on a daily basis, but maybe you don't really pay that much attention to.
[42:07.340 --> 42:10.620]  And, yeah, so instead of... I think that wraps up our talk overall.
[42:11.220 --> 42:21.700]  And the last thing I'll say is that, you know, people looking at VR and AR stuff as the next revolution in, you know, technology and putting on these headsets and goggles and whatever else.
[42:22.260 --> 42:29.380]  For me, the revolution is in the safety goggles that you're all going to be wearing in your new biology labs.
[42:30.480 --> 42:30.920]  So...
[42:42.230 --> 42:43.410]  All right, we'll take questions.
[42:43.550 --> 42:44.650]  We have a microphone up here.
[42:44.750 --> 42:49.230]  You guys can start lining up and ask us anything because there's a very wide range.
[42:49.370 --> 42:54.650]  We kind of skipped around and talked about all kinds of different stuff, but there's a whole lot we could still say.
[42:56.430 --> 42:56.950]  Yes.
[42:57.490 --> 42:57.910]  Hi.
[42:58.190 --> 43:00.430]  What are your thoughts about playing with CRISPR at home?
[43:01.830 --> 43:03.910]  What was the question exactly about CRISPR?
[43:04.330 --> 43:07.610]  What are your thoughts about playing with CRISPR at home?
[43:07.870 --> 43:08.510]  Why not?
[43:09.810 --> 43:12.410]  We mentioned Josiah earlier with the Odin.
[43:12.430 --> 43:13.970]  He actually sells CRISPR kits.
[43:14.370 --> 43:15.950]  I forget the price on them.
[43:16.090 --> 43:18.370]  It's like 60 bucks or 120 bucks or something like that.
[43:18.490 --> 43:21.990]  But it's no different than what we've been doing now.
[43:21.990 --> 43:25.450]  It's just a new tool in the class of suite to work with.
[43:25.610 --> 43:28.010]  And it's getting a whole lot of press right now.
[43:29.110 --> 43:30.730]  You don't have to work with it.
[43:30.830 --> 43:32.570]  You can do a lot without it.
[43:32.710 --> 43:34.910]  But if you want to dive in, it's just as open.
[43:35.730 --> 43:40.530]  Yeah, I mean, CRISPR is just one more tool in another set of tools that do gene editing and genome editing.
[43:41.390 --> 43:42.290]  Who's heard of CRISPR?
[43:42.730 --> 43:43.610]  Yeah, everybody's heard of CRISPR.
[43:43.710 --> 43:43.910]  That's why.
[43:44.150 --> 43:44.970]  It's like tons of hype.
[43:45.110 --> 43:48.210]  It's more hype than it is function to some extent, I think.
[43:48.710 --> 43:56.130]  At least, especially on the DIY level where most of the experiments that you'd want to do with CRISPR maybe aren't that interesting for DIY scientists.
[43:56.370 --> 44:05.350]  I mean, the interesting things that will happen with CRISPR is whether or not it revolutionizes gene therapy where you can actually edit your own genes while you're alive and have these new therapeutics come out.
[44:06.790 --> 44:07.870]  Definitely play with it.
[44:08.050 --> 44:13.910]  I mean, you can totally get the system, get it running in bacteria or get it running in yeast, and do some cool gene edits.
[44:16.010 --> 44:26.310]  But, yeah, I mean, also think about actual gene editing where it's maybe more fun to get a muscle foot-binding protein into bacteria than it is to get a CRISPR system and edit, make a mutation.
[44:26.450 --> 44:26.690]  Thank you.
[44:28.470 --> 44:28.870]  Yeah.
[44:29.190 --> 44:32.330]  One thing about CRISPR is that it's kind of a level playing field.
[44:32.470 --> 44:34.110]  Nobody has the answers yet.
[44:34.230 --> 44:34.890]  Nobody knows.
[44:35.030 --> 44:36.270]  It's a brand new thing.
[44:36.270 --> 44:45.190]  So, the experts in these high ivory towers with all their fancy equipment, they know just as much as we do with our little wooden boxes and stuff.
[44:45.450 --> 44:49.730]  So, there's no reason why you guys can't go out there and make a huge discovery or find something new.
[44:50.370 --> 44:52.830]  That's the whole point of DIY Bio and open science.
[44:54.970 --> 44:55.530]  Yes, sir.
[44:55.770 --> 45:00.590]  One of the points you all made was that existing collaboration in do-it-yourself biotech sucks.
[45:00.630 --> 45:01.450]  I think you said it sucks.
[45:02.010 --> 45:08.410]  What is it about existing tools and methodologies and computing that's inadequate or is nobody using those?
[45:08.590 --> 45:08.830]  Right.
[45:09.110 --> 45:13.070]  So, maybe I can actually bring up an example live because it'll be fun.
[45:14.790 --> 45:19.450]  If you look at the methods section for most research papers...
[45:20.930 --> 45:21.510]  Oh, yeah.
[45:21.590 --> 45:22.410]  I can do this live for sure.
[45:24.350 --> 45:25.070]  There you go.
[45:26.370 --> 45:26.910]  All right.
[45:28.310 --> 45:29.330]  So, materials and methods.
[45:29.650 --> 45:31.630]  This is what you read when you're...
[45:31.630 --> 45:32.790]  Oh, I lost the connection.
[45:34.150 --> 45:34.530]  Anyways.
[45:34.950 --> 45:36.050]  You saw that big paragraph.
[45:36.610 --> 45:43.570]  This is stuff that's written out in words when it could be written out in maybe an actual computer language or something like that.
[45:43.690 --> 45:48.070]  And then have it be repeatable and be consistent across any interpretation, right?
[45:48.810 --> 45:49.970]  So, there's things around that.
[45:50.110 --> 45:51.950]  It's not so much like DIY Bio that has trouble with collaboration.
[45:51.950 --> 45:55.230]  Those people are, like, you know, way more open than anyone in academic science.
[45:55.590 --> 45:59.430]  And there's a few different things that are in that.
[45:59.550 --> 46:05.950]  But that's something that's missing is a way to actually share protocols more effectively and have them be more repeatable overall.
[46:06.790 --> 46:16.570]  And so, that's where... and a lot of issues with the culture of, like, you know, collaboration and openness and competition as well that are really just disappointing that are part of academic culture that shouldn't exist.
[46:17.410 --> 46:18.850]  We had an online question.
[46:19.090 --> 46:24.450]  It was, does the exponential price decrease for synthesis include oligonucleotides?
[46:24.870 --> 46:25.330]  Yes.
[46:25.790 --> 46:26.470]  All DNA.
[46:26.910 --> 46:29.390]  It doesn't matter what the sequence is.
[46:29.410 --> 46:30.550]  It's just those components.
[46:31.070 --> 46:31.670]  Do you want to add anything?
[46:32.070 --> 46:33.690]  Yeah, oligonucleotides are fairly cheap.
[46:33.870 --> 46:37.250]  I mean, you're usually not spending more than 20 bucks on oligonucleotides anyways.
[46:38.470 --> 46:39.990]  It's the same thing with primers.
[46:40.130 --> 46:42.650]  It's the same thing with... they're all pretty much the same.
[46:42.870 --> 46:43.110]  Yeah.
[46:43.630 --> 46:43.990]  Hi.
[46:44.590 --> 46:47.830]  We only have time for a couple more, but we'll take you and see how many more.
[46:48.470 --> 46:54.970]  How do you explain to your friends and family that biohackerspaces aren't scary places where people build viruses?
[46:55.330 --> 46:57.410]  You bring them into the biohackerspaces and you show them.
[46:57.670 --> 46:58.050]  Bring them in.
[46:58.210 --> 46:58.350]  Okay.
[46:58.550 --> 46:59.750]  I mean, it's...
[46:59.750 --> 47:02.610]  You can't work with... it's BSL1.
[47:02.610 --> 47:03.850]  You can't do any kind of pathogens.
[47:03.910 --> 47:05.030]  You can't do anything like that.
[47:05.030 --> 47:07.250]  We'll give you a good answer later, but yeah.
[47:07.590 --> 47:10.910]  Yeah, you can look at stuff online about, like, what people think of the safety around biohacking.
[47:11.330 --> 47:14.510]  I mean, don't do anything dangerous in your biohacker spaces.
[47:14.750 --> 47:15.850]  These are the same as, like, maker spaces.
[47:16.030 --> 47:20.890]  You're not going to purposely try to electrocute people with electronics and stuff like that.
[47:21.150 --> 47:23.970]  You know enough about it that you can keep people safe.
[47:24.090 --> 47:29.910]  My big thing is the reason why we need more biohackers out there is hackers today are the ones defending and securing the Internet.
[47:30.070 --> 47:31.670]  They're finding the exploits and patching them.
[47:31.670 --> 47:37.250]  So, if we have white hat biohackers out there, they'll find the source code and, like, the human errors or something like that.
[47:37.350 --> 47:40.570]  And we could maybe patch those before a bioterrorist exploits them.
[47:40.670 --> 47:41.970]  So, we need you guys.
[47:42.970 --> 47:43.490]  Hi.
[47:43.570 --> 47:50.030]  Are people working on custom bio public licenses or just using GPL type stuff for licensing?
[47:51.410 --> 47:52.290]  Good question.
[47:52.610 --> 47:56.730]  I don't know too much about the aspects of licensing copyright and biotechnology right now.
[47:57.190 --> 47:59.350]  But I would look up the Biobricks Foundation.
[47:59.670 --> 48:02.750]  I think they're one of the main people that are getting into that kind of...
[48:02.750 --> 48:03.870]  Biobricks and open wetware.
[48:04.170 --> 48:04.330]  Yeah.
[48:04.390 --> 48:04.790]  Yeah.
[48:05.130 --> 48:05.990]  That kind of stuff.
[48:06.210 --> 48:08.250]  And the hardware is usually open-source, too.
[48:08.350 --> 48:11.790]  Like, I designed this and this is, like, ten bucks of acrylic or something like that.
[48:11.850 --> 48:13.530]  And this is all online for free to make, too.
[48:14.750 --> 48:17.550]  Is there any DIY bio for epigenetics?
[48:17.730 --> 48:18.270]  For what?
[48:18.630 --> 48:18.990]  Epigenetics.
[48:19.110 --> 48:19.470]  Epigenetics.
[48:20.110 --> 48:20.830]  Not yet.
[48:22.730 --> 48:23.090]  Not.
[48:23.270 --> 48:27.250]  I haven't heard of any specific products that are focusing on epigenetics, but start one.
[48:27.670 --> 48:28.030]  Yeah, yeah.
[48:28.030 --> 48:30.870]  That's an emerging fuel and we're just discovering that, too.
[48:30.870 --> 48:32.550]  But epigenetics are so cool at the same time.
[48:32.730 --> 48:32.750]  Yeah, it's so cool.
[48:32.750 --> 48:33.530]  Like, I'd love to get into that.
[48:33.630 --> 48:34.070]  It's so amazing.
[48:35.330 --> 48:37.430]  Do you have any insight on how...
[48:37.430 --> 48:38.150]  How can I put this?
[48:38.330 --> 48:42.210]  Let's say you have a pharmaceutical company that developed a drug for a rare disease.
[48:42.210 --> 48:46.110]  And they have absolutely no incentive to make the process...
[48:46.110 --> 48:48.690]  And, you know, they don't have any incentive to make the process cheap, right?
[48:49.090 --> 48:49.170]  Yeah.
[48:49.430 --> 48:52.110]  But for people who wear diseases, which, you know, include me.
[48:52.230 --> 48:52.330]  Hi.
[48:53.350 --> 48:57.530]  The costs for the end product are completely prohibitive.
[48:57.810 --> 49:00.010]  Like, we're talking, you know, half a million a year.
[49:00.250 --> 49:00.950]  Figures like that.
[49:01.390 --> 49:05.550]  So how do you see how DIY hacking for biohacking could change this?
[49:07.750 --> 49:11.490]  Usually the road to market is, like, ten or twenty years.
[49:11.490 --> 49:12.710]  Most of them never make it.
[49:12.850 --> 49:15.670]  Usually they're looking for, like, blockbuster drugs that hit everybody.
[49:16.090 --> 49:18.390]  So if you have a rare thing, you're not going to find it.
[49:18.450 --> 49:21.170]  So the whole idea of personalized medicine is really coming up.
[49:21.350 --> 49:27.510]  And if you could grow this stuff like Kevin's doing with yeast or yogurt or some living culture, you could design your own medicine.
[49:27.510 --> 49:35.790]  Like, your grandmother could make her cancer drugs and eat it in her yogurt from her, like, 3D printer, bioprinter that's like a bread machine that's been hacked or something.
[49:36.450 --> 49:36.770]  Yeah.
[49:37.030 --> 49:38.250]  There's a few ideas around that.
[49:38.550 --> 49:41.070]  I mean, you're getting into a little bit more of the complex economics of...
[49:41.610 --> 49:41.710]  We're done?
[49:41.930 --> 49:42.430]  Okay, one minute.
[49:42.450 --> 49:42.890]  Last question.
[49:43.010 --> 49:43.330]  One minute.
[49:43.610 --> 49:50.250]  It has to do with, yeah, pharmaceutical economics and stuff like that, about why farm companies are or are not incentivized to actually make these things and why they're so expensive.
[49:52.410 --> 49:53.870]  That's the, like, short answer to that question.
[49:53.990 --> 49:54.790]  But we can talk about it afterwards.
[49:54.790 --> 49:55.150]  Yeah.
[49:56.690 --> 49:58.230]  Are you going to be posting your slides?
[49:58.690 --> 49:59.190]  And if so, where?
[49:59.610 --> 49:59.790]  Yes.
[49:59.810 --> 50:00.150]  The slides.
[50:00.650 --> 50:01.130]  Yes.
[50:01.550 --> 50:04.310]  I don't know where to put them, but hopefully, yes.
[50:04.650 --> 50:04.850]  Okay.
[50:05.110 --> 50:06.850]  We had our contact information up there.
[50:07.070 --> 50:08.910]  We'll post them somewhere.
[50:09.330 --> 50:13.950]  Do you have, like, personal, easy URL for a personal site that you guys have?
[50:14.710 --> 50:15.090]  Sorry?
[50:15.210 --> 50:17.430]  An easy URL for a personal site you guys have?
[50:17.430 --> 50:17.670]  Yeah.
[50:17.890 --> 50:20.110]  http://brico.bio.
[50:20.490 --> 50:20.610]  Okay.
[50:20.990 --> 50:21.210]  Thanks.
[50:22.670 --> 50:23.150]  Okay.
[50:23.290 --> 50:23.870]  That's it.
[50:23.870 --> 50:24.770]  Thank you, guys.
[50:31.340 --> 50:31.820]  And...
[50:31.820 --> 50:32.420]  Biohack the planet.
[50:32.860 --> 50:33.800]  Thank you.