STATION ID - 7047/3.12

9x Datakit Network
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

This is a 9x system, restricted to authorized persons and for
official 9x business only. Anyone using this system, network or data
is subject to being monitored at any time for system administration and
for identifying unauthorized users or system misuse. Anyone using this
system expressly consents to such monitoring and is advised that any
evidence of criminal activity revealed through such monitoring may be
provided to law enforcement for prosecution.
                        
                         Written by lowt3k aka upl1nk

                                    \   /
                          -=Satallite\ /Communications=-
                                      |
                                      |
                                      |
                                   ___|____
                             \_   |        |    _ /   
                             |_----        |----_|         
                             /    |________|     \                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
                         /                          \
                        /                            \
                       /                              \
                    D /                                \
                     /                                  \
                    /                                    \
              __   /                                      \   __
             /  \ /                                        \ /  \
             |  |/                                          \|  |
 __________------____________________________________________------__________  


--------------------[A] Satellite
------------------[B]Earth Station on one side of world
---------------[C]Earth Station on oposite side of the world as the other       
-------------[D]Is a Signal that is being Uplinked from Earth Station B
----------[E]Is The Signal Being Downlinked to Earth Station C
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
                            
                                


                           -----=Intro:=---
***************************                 *********************************
*****************************************************************************


We will jump right in.  The first satellite to ever orbit the earth on 
october 4, 1957 was the Russians Sputnik.  Next was "SCORE" which was the 
first communications satellite in 1958, able to broadcast only a single 
voice taped messege from President Eisenhower "Peace On Earth, Good Will To Men".
 Thus begun an everlasting race to see who could build the most sophisticated
 satellite.  

Sometime In the 60's Americans jumped in to the race with Telstar which was 
far more sophisticated than Sputnik.

Today there are more than 3,000 satellites in orbit.  Each and everyone of 
those sends signals down to earth and recieves signals from earth to the 
satellite.  These are called an Uplink and a Downlink.  

The Uplink is when the base reciever uploads information to the satellite 
such as its coordinates ans programing for the satallites viewers.  
Just think how many signals that is if every satellite can produce over 
25,000 signals.

These signals are in groups of frequencys I have made a list of what bands 
control what frequencys (The ones with * next to them are based around just 
satellite signaling):


VHF 30 to 300 mhz

   UHF 300 to 3000 mhz 

         L-Band 0.5 to 1.5 ghz
       
                *C band 4 to 8 ghz

                     *Ku band 10.9 to 17 ghz

                           *Ka band 18 to 31 ghz



         




        Satellites are used for many different things such as:

                         
                         Satellite TV
                            
                            Radio
                           
                             GPS

                            Weather

                     Telephone Calls over Seas

                              

           In this text I will try to cover most of these.



There are 3 different kinds of Satellites that I am formilliar with: 
GEOS LEOS and MEOS:  

GEOS (Geosynchronous earth orbiting satellites) are the most common of 
all satellites.  These satellites orbit the earth in Geosynchronous Orbit 
which is 22,300 miles above earth.  

GEOS are slowly becoming obsolite because of there distance from earth.

This effects the speed of data that the satellite is transfering to earth. 
 This is why most companys now a days are purchasing LEOS (Low Earth Orbiting
 Satellites) these satellites cruise around 2,000-4,000 feet these satellites
 are alot closer to earth hence making the data flow faster than GEOS do.
  Many pager and cellphone companys are starting to use LEOS as there main 
satellite just because the reception is alot better and can provide world 
wide connections (check out www.iridium.com).  

A good thing about GEOS is that basically they can cover more geographical 
area than LEOS cause they are higher and can cover more land.  
Now MEOS (Medium Earth Orbiting Satellites) are basically just a weather 
satellite they orbit around 10,000 feet.


                         
                      TVRO/Television Signals
     
       
        


Satellite TV is a system such as "Direct TV" or the "Dish Network" These are 
what are called TVRO (Tele Vision Recieve Only) and are becoming very 
popular among people these days. There are about 5.1 million installations 
of TVRO's today in North America and are becomeing popular in forign contries
 as we speak. 

The Satellite TV bands are:

S)Band  1700)3000 MHz
C)Band  3700)4200 MHz 
Ku1)Band        10.9)11.75 GHz
Ku2)Band        11.75)12.5 GHz (DBS)
Ku3)Band        12.5)12.75 GHz
Ka)Band 18.0)20.0 GHz

Now to Reach these Signals you will need a C/Ku Band Reciever and a C/Ku band
 Dish these can be ordered on the interenet I have included some sites where
 you can purchase these.


Here is a list of the Downlink Freq's for C/Ku band:

Channel  1 = 3720/11730 MHz     Channel 13 = 3960/12096 MHz
        Channel  2 = 3740/11743         Channel 14 = 3980/12109 
        Channel  3 = 3760/11791         Channel 15 = 4000/12157
        Channel  4 = 3780/11804         Channel 16 = 4020/12170
        Channel  5 = 3800/11852         Channel 17 = 4040 
        Channel  6 = 3820/11865         Channel 18 = 4060 
        Channel  7 = 3840/11913         Channel 19 = 4080 
        Channel  8 = 3860/11926         Channel 20 = 4100 
        Channel  9 = 3880/11974         Channel 21 = 4120 
        Channel 10 = 3900/11987         Channel 22 = 4140 
        Channel 11 = 3920/12035         Channel 23 = 4160 
        Channel 12 = 3940/12048         Channel 24 = 4180 

Many of these channels are Scrambled then again you can find many open 
channels that have sporting events or public broadcasting channels.  

For the Scrambled Channels there are usually decoders in the newer Recievers,
  most likely you will be able to watch some of the scrambed frequency's.  

The most popular of the channels are usually scrambled with VC II and VIII 
systems, now sometimes you will get lucky and actually be able to find a 
V II and V III decoder and then you can watch it without having to pay or 
subsribe to the channels.

                           

                    Audio Channels/Radio Signals:

Audio channels are usually a higher frequency than TV channels, also there 
are more than 70 audio only channels avalible from each North American 
Satellites.  The audio frequency's are usually in the 6.2 to 6.8 mhz but 
audio can go through 5 to 8 mhz. 

There are Radio Shows daily for other satellite hobbiests to listen to 
including "Lets talk Radio" is a computer/radio/shortwave listening/
satellite navagationing show/ which used to be daily at 6p.m. 
that anyone could listen to who had a C/Ku band dish and reciever.

                

                           GPS Satellites:

GPS stands for Global Positioning System, these satellites are fairly new 
they provide navegation for ships, tanks, Hummers, airplanes, space stations,
 satellites,and many other devices.  They provide navagation, position and 
velocity by the second.  They were first introduced to the world from the 
US Department of Defence (what a supprise), and are widely used today in 
many aspects of communication and traveling.  This system of satellites are 
controled by a main base all the GPS satellites are operated at what is 
called "GPS Master Control and Monitor Network" which is located in 
Colorado at the Schriever Air Force Base.

Today you can walk out to your local Radio Shack and pick up a GPS reciever 
for traveling and it will tell you where you are most anywhere on earth.  
Now tell me that is not amazing.  Today I was doing some Research on GPS 
and this was amazing to me I found a company that provides GPS recievers 
that you strap on to your kid and it tells you where they are anywhere in 
the world.  That made me kind of sick but it is a good example of how GPS 
is growing and how accessible it is to the public (also how weird are 
society is with technology of this kind).



                   Satellite Internet Connections:

Many Networks Today reside on Satellite's, and the amount is growing every 
day.  More and More people decide they need more bandwidth for there 
networks or for personal use alone.  Satellites have been offering personal 
interenet services for about 3 years now and the users are expanding as we 
speak.  The reason for such wide expansion is satellite's high bandwidth.  
Today you can subscrube to a satellite ISP which data transfers 5 times the 
speed of DUAL ISDN Channels, of course this has its downfalls which include 
a $490 dollar a month bill and also the weather somtimes effects satellite 
reception, so in other words during a /rain/thunder/hail/snow storm you 
would ether have a terrible connection to the internet or no connection at 
all.  I have hered of some companys fixing the problem but have no other 
information about it.  
Also have found an Example of what one of these systems may cost:

*********The Satellite Internet System includes the following hardware 
************specifications as well as unlimited access for 10-150 Users. 
**************Intel Pentium PII 266MMX 
****************16 bay server case 
******************4.0 gig IDE drive 
********************3.5" floppy 
**********************64 megs SD RAM 
************************512K cache 
**************************20X CD-Rom Multi Media kit 
****************************2 meg PCI Video Card 
*****************************104 keyboard - MS Mouse 
*******************************WIN95 OEM 
*********************************3COM 10/100 Base-T Network card 
***********************************56 Kbps Fax Modem 
*************************************14" .28 NI SVGA Monitor 
***************************************32 Bit Satellite software license 
*****************************************20" Satellite Dish w/uni mount 
********************************************LAN user access software license 
**********************************************Activation prior to delivery 
36 months free on site next day warranty. 
Price $4,900 (Includes Server, Dish, and Installation) 
Monthly Price $490 per month (36 Month lease) 

This means that after you pay your $4,900 dollar bill you have to continue 
paying your monthly bill which is $490 dollars.  For a large company this 
is no bill at all but you can see how one person who wants fast internet 
access might struggle financially. 

Many huge Companys are starting to connect there networks to ATM networks 
via Satellites one of the many of those companys is COMSAT which is ahead
 of the other competitors with there ATM Link Enhancer (ALE).  COMSAT wins
 first ATM via satellite contract which makes them elegable to start 
building massive ATM networks. The reson for this being so great is that
 companys can start connecting all forms of communication devices, such as,
 video confrencing, real-time logistics, and medical expertise to deployed 
field units (Telemedicine) all in real time, Anywhere in the world.



                      -==Weather Satellites:==-

Weather satellites have helped the human race tons.  Without these satellites
 there would be no hurican warnings or storm warnings or how about you 
wouldnt even be able to tell when it is supposed to snow.  With your C/Ku band
 reciever and dish you can somtimes find an occasional public weather station
 when scanning thru the C/Ku band it probelly wont be local but you get to 
see what kind of weather france is getting.  Here i have included a list of 
weather satellites that are Operational and some of there frequency's:

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
NORAD ID# Common name Source Frequency 
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

10061       GOES 2      US   
10489       METEOSAT   1 ESA    
12472        GOES 5     US   
12544       METEOSAT 2  ESA   
14050         GOES 6     US   
15427         NOAA 9     US   
16969         NOAA 10    US   
17561         GOES 7     US   
18820       METEOR 2-17  CIS   
19215       METEOSAT 3   ESA   
19336       METEOR 3-2   CIS   
19531       NOAA 11      US   
19851       METEOR 2-18  CIS   
19876       METEOSAT 4   ESA   
20305       METEOR 3-3   CIS   
20670       METEOR 2-19  CIS   
20788       FY-1B        PRC   
20826       METEOR 2-20  CIS   
21140       METEOSAT 5   ESA   
21232       METEOR 3-4   CIS
21263       NOAA 12      US    137.5000
21655       METEOR 3-5   CIS   137.8500 
22739       NOAA 13      US   
22782       METEOR 2-21  CIS   
22912       METEOSAT 6   ESA   
22969       METEOR 3-6  CIS   
23051       GOES 8 US    
23455       NOAA 14      US    137.6200 
23581       GOES 9       US  ** FAILED ** 
24786       GOES 10      US   
24932       METEOSAT 7   ESA   
25338       NOAA 15      US   

This is just a small list I am sorry I couldnt provide more frequencys.  
You can download programs off the internet that connect to satellite's and 
you can view stunning images of live weather around the globe.  There are 
even sometimes live camera's via the internet that broadcast live weather 
to some satellites.


=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
                  


=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=Satellite and Telephone Intergration:=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

Satellites have greatly helped our communication in various ways but the 
telephone has by far been the greatest.  I will give an example of how 
satellites are used with a common telephone call from the U.S. to Australia. 
 Fist the call would be releyed to Roaring Creek, Pennsyvania International 
Earth Station via microwave signals, then from Roaring Creek up into the
main Anteanna on a 6ghz uplink.  Then processed to an Earth Station in 
Australia via the downlink then shipped into the local switch and ran to 
the subscribers house.  From there it would do exactly the revearse of what
 it did in the U.S. So this time it will be ran thru the local switch up 
to the earth station in australia and then uplinked at 6ghz and then 
downlinked to Roaring Creek, Pennsylvania once again.  So every time one
 person talks it has to ush to the earth station and be uplinked and 
downlinked then run through the local switch (wow what a fast ride that it).  
Now you know why these calls cost so much.  

Please Examine the Ascii at the first part of this text.  You will see that 
the signal could represent a telephone call across the world which is 
uplinked by Earth Station B and traveled on signal D and then Processed 
in satellite A and then downlinked on signal E to Earth Station C.

                          written by lowt3k aka upl1nk


                                 Conclusion

This completes my text on satellite communications Introduction, 
although expect many more texts from me about satellites this is just an 
opening of understanding for my other texts which will take this knowledge 
and combine it into othermore technical aspects of satellites.

(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*

  Shoutz and ma propez out to all of deze boyz, girlies, and companyz:

I would like to thank Norad you guys are leet I respect you thanks for helpin
 me out with somethings,**ma h0meboy gr1p****NASA*hybrid**downtime*My home-boy
 w1rep4ir*PD werd ma brotha**Substance need I say more? =)**#9x*#darkcyde*
USwest*all the peeps in NPA**Dr. Dish** DR. Joseph Pelton**optiklenz****di9ital






lowtek@uswestmail.net

-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-EOF-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-
