It is unclear in the law weather or not the FCC really has legal
jurisdiction over unlicensed broadcasters that broadcast signals
that don't cross state boundaries. Most people give the FCC the
benefit of the doubt since they are a government agency and have
much more ammunition than the average unlicensed broadcaster.
Much like taxpayers and the IRS. But as you shall see later the
FCC's jurisdiction may be resolved in the near future.
Unlicensed operation of transmitting devices is discussed in "Part 15" of the FCC Rules. These Rules are published in a maximum of 100 "Parts," covering all aspects of telecommunications. A compleat set of these rules should be available at your local Public Library. If you have questions about the legalities of operating any of the projects in this book that are not covered here or are unclear, please consult these Regulations.
Part 15 covers "wireless microphones" and "unlicensed broadcast band" transmitters for a number of different frequencies. While Part 15 allows 100 milliwatts output power for unlicensed, home-built transmitting devices, on the FM broadcast band your allowable power output is measured in a different way.
On the FM broadcast band you are not allowed to transmit a signal that would cause a field strength greater than 250 microvolts (uV) at a distance of 3 meters from the antenna. You may be asking yourself "what does this mean in real terms?" The answer is a difficult one to answer. You could have transmitter that generates 100mw running into one antenna that is legal and have another transmitter that generates 10mw into another antenna that is twice or more this legal limit. This depends mostly on how efficient your antenna and feedline are.
It is the Authors opinion that these regulations regarding FM broadcast band field strength could of been written by Machiavelli himself. Most of the "bugs", FM broadcaster kits, and Mr. Microphones that are available on the open market today can easily exceed these regulations. To be able to follow this regulation you would need a calibrated field strength meter that could measure field strengths accurately down to about 100 uV, and use it every time you broadcast, even with your Radio Shack Mr. Microphone.
Other regulations for the FM broadcast band include :
In the case of unlicensed broadcasters things get a little more tricky. The FCC's recourse is to take a fined unlicensed broadcaster to civil court. This rarely happens. In most cases the unlicensed broadcaster stops broadcasting and pays the fine or broadcaster stops broadcasting and doesn't pay the fine. In the latter case the FCC rarely goes after the broadcaster for the fine and the whole matter is dropped.
The FCC doesn't drive the streets at night looking for unlicensed broadcasters. In almost all cases the FCC will not go after an unlicensed broadcaster unless there has been complaints about the broadcaster. Most of these complaints are generated from licensed broadcasters. Rarely does the FCC get complaints that the unlicensed broadcaster is creating interfering. There have also been a few cases where legitimate broadcasters complain about unlicensed broadcasters because they were taking to many listeners away.
The FCC does have vans that resemble small moterhomes that they use for enforcement of there regulations, but these vans are usually used for licensed enforcement. For unlicensed enforcement the FCC usually uses there specially modified station wagons. These cars have specially fitted fiberglass roofs with antennas mounted in them. Both the vans and the cars, contrary to popular belief, usually have no antennas hanging off them. All the antennas are encased in the body or in plastic containers on there roofs.
There has been one crowning difference between the most recent "busts" an the older ones. This is that the unlicensed operators have been running high profile radio stations. While there has been many documented cases in t he past of college students running for years with there low profile station without a peep out of the FCC, these guys are thumbing there noses at the FCC, the licensed broadcasters, and the government. High profile, media campaigns, and anti-establishment broadcasts are prevalent. And like any government agency, the FCC wants to make an example out of these broadcasters before "more disruption" occurs. In short they are trying to put the cap back in the bottle before the genie gets out.
These high profile stations, Black Liberation Radio, KAPW, Free Radio Berkeley and San Francisco Liberation Radio have lined up to do battle with the FCC the all American way, with lawyers. It will be interesting to see if these suits will resolve any of the questions about the FCC's jurisdiction, and the status of unlicensed broadcasting.