From the Napa Sentinel, Napa, CA, USA
Copyright FreeAmerica and Harry V. Martin, 1995
[This table did not appear in the original text and is for the reader's
convenience.]
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
But what was the medical treatment that may have caused their deaths? The
Medical Facility indicates they were mind control or behavior modification
treatments. A deeper probe into the death of these two inmates unravels a
mind-boggling tale of horror that has been part of California penal history
for a long time, and one that caused national outcries two decades ago.
Mind control experiments have been part of California for decades and permeate
mental institutions and prisons. But, it is not just in the penal society
that mind control measures have been used. Minority children were subjected
to experimentation at abandoned Nike Missile Sites, veterans who fought for
American freedom were also subjected to the programs. Funding and
experimentations of mind control have been part of the U.S. Health, Education
and Welfare Department, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Central
Intelligence Agency through the Phoenix Program, the Stanford Research Institute,
the Agency for International Development, the Department of Defense, the
Department of Labor, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Law Enforcement
Assistance Administration, and the National Science Foundation.
California has been in the forefront of mind control experimentation. Government
experiments also were conducted in the Haight-Ashbury District in San Francisco
at the height of the Hippy reign. In 1974, Senator Sam Erwin, of Watergate
fame, headed a U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights studying
the subject of "Individual rights and the Federal role in behavior modification."
Though little publicity was given to this committee's investigation, Senator
Erwin issued a strong condemnation of the federal role in mind control. That
condemnation, however, did not halt mind control experiments, they just received
more circuitous funding.
Many of the case histories concerning individuals of whom the mind control
experiments were used, show a strange concept in the minds of those seeking
guinea pigs. Those subject to the mind control experiments would be given
indefinite sentences, his freedom was dependent upon how well the experiment
went. One individual, for example, was arrested for joyriding, given a two-year
sentence and held for mind control experiments. He was held for 18 years.
Here are just a few experiments used in the mind control program:
The Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the U.S. Army have admitted
mind control experiments. Many deaths have occurred.
In tracing the steps of government mind control experiments, the trail leads
to legal and illegal usages, usage for covert intelligence operations, and
experiments on innocent people who were unaware that they were being used.
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
In July, two inmates died at the Vacaville Medical Facility. According to
prison officials at the time, the two may have died as a result of medical
treatment, that treatment was the use of mind control or behavior modification
drugs. A deeper study into the deaths of the two inmates has unraveled a
mind-boggling tale of horror that has been part of California penal history
for a long time, and one that caused national outcries years ago.
In the August article, the Sentinel presented a graphic portrait of some
of the mind control experiments that have been allowed to continue in the
United States. On November 1974 a U.S. Senate Sub committee on Constitutional
Rights investigated federally-funded behavior modification programs, with
emphasis on federal involvement in, and the possible threat to individual
constitutional rights of behavior modification, especially involving inmates
in prisons and mental institutions.
The Senate committee was appalled after reviewing documents from the following
sources:
A national uproar was created by various articles in 1974, which prompted
the Senate investigation. But after all these years, the news that two inmates
at Vacaville may have died from these same experiments indicates that though
a nation was shocked in 1974, little was done to correct the experimentations.
In 1977, a Senate subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, chaired
by Senator Ted Kennedy, focussed on the CIA's testing of LSD on unwitting
citizens. Only a mere handful of people within the CIA knew about the scope
and details of the program.
To understand the full scope of the problem, it is important to study its
origins. The Kennedy subcommittee learned about the CIA Operation M.K.-Ultra
through the testimony of Dr. Sidney Gottlieb. The purpose of the program,
accord ing to his testimony, was to "investigate whether and how it was possible
to modify an individual's behavior by covert means". Claiming the protection
of the National Security Act, Dr. Gottlieb was unwilling to tell the Senate
subcommittee what had been learned or gained by these experiments.
He did state, however, that the program was initially engendered by a concern
that the Soviets and other enemies of the United States would get ahead of
the U.S. in this field. Through the Freedom of Information Act, researchers
are now able to obtain documents detailing the M.K.-Ultra program and other
CIA behavior modification projects in a special reading room located on the
bottom floor of the Hyatt Regency in Rosslyn, VA.
The most daring phase of the M.K.-Ultra program involved slipping unwitting
American citizens LSD in real life situations. The idea for the series of
experiments originated in November 1941, when William Donovan, founder and
director of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the forerunner of the
CIA during World War Two. At that time the intelligence agency invested $5000
for the "truth drug" program. Experiments with scopolamine and morphine proved
both unfruitful and very dangerous. The program tested scores of other drugs,
including mescaline, barbituates, benzedrine, cannabis indica, to name a
few.
The U.S. was highly concerned over the heavy losses of freighters and other
ships in the North Atlantic, all victims of German U-boats. Information about
German U-boat strategy was desperately needed and it was believed that the
information could be obtained through drug-influenced interrogations of German
naval P.O.W.s, in violation of the Geneva Accords.
Tetrahydrocannabinol acetate, a colorless, odorless marijuana extract, was
used to lace a cigarette or food substance without detection. Initially,
the experiments were done on volunteer U.S. Army and OSS personnel, and testing
was also disguised as a remedy for shell shock. The volunteers became known
as "Donovan's Dreamers". The experiments were so hush-hush, that only a few
top officials knew about them. President Franklin Roosevelt was aware of
the experiments. The "truth drug" achieved mixed success.
The experiments were halted when a memo was written: "The drug defies all
but the most expert and search analysis, and for all practical purposes can
be considered beyond analysis." The OSS did not, however, halt the program.
In 1943 field tests of the extract were being con ducted, despite the order
to halt them. The most celebrated test was conducted by Captain George Hunter
White, an OSS agent and ex-law enforcement official, on August Del Grazio,
aka Augie Dallas, aka Dell, aka Little Augie, a New York gangster. Cigarettes
laced with the acetate were offered to Augie without his knowledge of the
content. Augie, who had served time in prison for assault and murder, had
been one of the world's most notorious drug dealers and smugglers. He operated
an opium alkaloid factory in Turkey and he was a leader in the Italian underworld
on the Lower East Side of New York. Under the influence of the drug, Augie
revealed volumes of information about the under world operations, including
the names of high ranking officials who took bribes from the mob. These
experiments led to the encouragement of Donovan. A new memo was issued:
"Cigarette experiments indicated that we had a mechanism which offered promise
in relaxing prisoners to be interrogated."
When the OSS was disbanded after the war, Captain White continued to administer
behavior modifying drugs. In 1947, the CIA replaced the OSS. White's service
record indicates that he worked with the OSS, and by 1954 he was a high ranking
Federal Narcotics Bureau officer who had been loaned to the CIA on a part-time
basis.
White rented an apartment in Greenwich Village equipped with one-way mirrors,
surveillance gadgets and disguised himself as a seaman. White drugged his
acquaintances with LSD and brought them back to his apartment. In 1955, the
operation shifted to San Francisco. In San Francisco, "safehouses" were
established under the code name Operation Midnight Climax. Midnight Climax
hired prostitute addicts who lured men from bars back to the safehouses after
their drinks had been spiked with LSD. White filmed the events in the safehouses.
The purpose of these "national security brothels" was to enable the CIA to
experiment with the act of lovemaking for extracting information from men.
The safehouse experiments continued until 1963 until CIA Inspector General
John Earman criticized Richard Helms, the director of the CIA and father
of the M.K.-Ultra project. Earman charged the new director John McCone had
not been fully briefed on the M.K.-Ultra Project when he took office and
that "the concepts involved in manipulating human behavior are found by many
people within and outside the Agency to be distasteful and unethical." He
stated that "the rights and interest of U.S. citizens are placed in jeopardy".
The Inspector General stated that LSD had been tested on individuals at all
social levels, high and low, native American and foreign."
Earman's criticisms were rebuffed by Helms, who warned, "Positive operation
capacity to use drugs is diminishing owing to a lack of realistic testing.
Tests were necessary to keep up with the Soviets." But in 1964, Helms had
testified before the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of
President John Kennedy, that "Soviet research has consistently lagged five
years behind Western research".
Upon leaving government service in 1966, Captain White wrote a startling
letter to his superior. In the letter to Dr. Gottlieb, Captain White reminisced
about his work in the safehouses with LSD. His comments were frightening.
"I was a very minor missionary, actually a heretic, but I toiled wholeheartedly
in the vineyards because it was fun, fun, fun," White wrote. "Where else
could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal, rape and pillage
with the sanction and blessing of the all-highest?"
(NEXT: How the drug experiments helped bring about the rebirth of the mafia
and the French Connection.)
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
Though the CIA continued to maintain drug experiments in the streets of America
after the program was official cancelled, the United States reaped tremendous
value from it. With George Hunter Whites connection to underworld figure
Little Augie, connections were made with Mafia king-pin Lucky Luciano, who
was in Dannemore Prison.
Luciano wanted freedom, the Mafia wanted drugs, and the United States wanted
Sicily. The date was 1943. Augie was the go-between between Luciano and the
United States War Department.
Luciano was transferred to a less harsh prison and began to be visited by
representatives of the Office of Naval Intelligence and from underworld figures,
such as Meyer Lansky. A strange alliance was formed between the U.S. Intelligence
agencies and the Mafia, who controlled the West Side docks in New York. Luciano
regained active leadership in organized crime in America.
The U.S. Intelligence community utilized Luciano's underworld connections
in Italy. In July of 1943, Allied forces launched their invasion of Sicily,
the beginning push into occupied Europe. General George Patton's Seventh
Army advanced through hundreds of miles of territory that was fraught with
difficulty, booby trapped roads, snipers, confusing mountain topography,
all within close range of 60,000 hostile Italian troops. All this was
accomplished in four days, a military "miracle" even for Patton.
Senate Estes Kefauver's Senate Sub committee on Organized Crime asked, in
1951, how all this was possible. The answer was that the Mafia had helped
to protect roads from Italian snipers, served as guides through treacherous
mountain terrain, and provided needed intelligence to Patton's army. The
part of Sicily which Patton's forces traversed had at one time been completely
controlled by the Sicilian Mafia, until Benito Mussolini smashed it through
the use of police repression.
Just prior to the invasion, it was hardly even able to continue shaking down
farmers and shepherds for protection money. But the invasion changed all
this, and the Mafia went on to play a very prominent and well-documented
role in the American military occupation of Italy.
The expedience of war opened the doors to American drug traffic and Mafia
domination. This was the beginning of the Mafia-U.S. Intelligence alliance,
an alliance that lasts to this day and helped to support the covert operations
of the CIA, such as the Iran-Contra operations. In these covert operations,
the CIA would obtain drugs from South America and Southeast Asia, sell them
to the Mafia and use the money for the covert purchase of military equipment.
These operations accelerated when Congress cut off military funding for the
Contras.
One of the Allies top occupation priorities was to liberate as many of their
own soldiers from garrison duties so that they could participate in the military
offensive. In order to accomplish this, Don Calogero's Mafia were pressed
into service, and in July of 1943, the Civil Affairs Control Office of the
U.S. Army appointed him mayor of Villalba and other Mafia officials as mayors
of other towns in Sicily.
As the northern Italian offensive continued, Allied intelligence became very
concerned over the extent to which the Italian Communists resistance to Mussolini
had driven Italian politics to the left. Community Party membership had doubled
between 1943 and 1944, huge leftist strikes had shut down factories and the
Italian underground fighting Mussolini had risen to almost 150,000 men. By
mid-1944, the situation came to a head and the U.S. Army terminated arms
drops to the Italian Resistance, and started appointing Mafia officials to
occupation administration posts. Mafia groups broke up leftists rallies and
reactivated black market operations throughout southern Italy.
Lucky Luciano was released from prison in 1946 and deported to Italy, where
he rebuilt the heroin trade. The court's decision to release him was made
possible by the testimony of intelligence agents at his hearing, and a letter
written by a naval officer reciting what Luciano had done for the Navy. Luciano
was supposed to have served from 30 to 50 years in prison. Over 100 Mafia
members were similarly deported within a couple of years.
Luciano set up a syndicate which transported morphine base from the Middle
East to Europe, refined it into heroin, and then shipped it into the United
States via Cuba. During the 1950's, Marseilles, in Southern France, became
a major city for the heroin labs and the Corsican syndicate began to actively
cooperate with the Mafia in the heroin trade. Those became popularly known
as the French Connection.
In 1948, Captain White visited Luciano and his narcotics associate Nick Gentile
in Europe. Gentile was a former American gangster who had worked for the
Allied Military Government in Sicily. By this time, the CIA was already
subsidizing Corsican and Italian gangsters to oust Communist unions from
the Port of Marseilles. American strategic planners saw Italy and southern
France as extremely important for their Naval bases as a counterbalance to
the growing naval forces of the Soviet Union. CIO/AFL organizer Irving Brown
testified that by the time the CIA subsidies were terminated in 1953, U.S.
support was no longer needed because the profits from the heroin traffic
was sufficient to sustain operations.
When Luciano was originally jailed, the U.S. felt it had eliminated the world's
most effective underworld leader and the activities of the Mafia were seriously
damaged. Mussolini had been waging a war since 1924 to rid the world of the
Sicilian Mafia. Thousands of Mafia members were convicted of crimes and forced
to leave the cities and hide out in the mountains.
Mussolini's reign of terror had virtually eradicated the international drug
syndicates. Combined with the shipping surveillance during the war years,
heroin trafficking had become almost nil. Drug use in the United States,
before Luciano's release from prison, was on the verge of being entirely
wiped out.
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
The U.S. government has conducted three types of mind-control experiments:
Such experimentation requires money, and the United States government has
funnelled funds for drug experiments through different agencies, both overtly
and covertly.
One of the funding agencies to contribute to the experimentation is the Law
Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), a unit of the U.S. Justice
Department and one of President Richard Nixon's favorite pet agencies. The
Nixon Administration was, at one time, putting together a program for detaining
youngsters who showed a tendency toward violence in "concentration" camps.
According to the Washington Post, the plan was authored by Dr. Arnold
Hutschnecker. Health, Education and Welfare Secretary Robert Finch was told
by John Erlichman, Chief of Staff for the Nixon White House, to implement
the program. He proposed the screening of children of six years of age for
tendencies toward criminality. Those who failed these tests were to be destined
to be sent to the camps. The program was never implemented.
LEAA came into existence in 1968 with a huge budget to assist various U.S.
law enforcement agencies. Its effectiveness, however, was not considered
too great. After spending $6 billion, the F.B.I. reports general crime rose
31 percent and violent crime rose 50 percent. But little accountability was
required of LEAA on how it spent its funds.
LEAA's role in the behavior modification research began at a meeting held
in 1970 in Colorado Springs. Attending that meeting were Richard Nixon, Attorney
General John Mitchell, John Erlichman, H.R. Haldemann and other White House
staffers. They met with Dr. Bertram Brown, director fo the National Institute
of Mental Health, and forged a close collaboration between LEAA and the
Institute. LEAA was a product of the Justice Department and the Institute
was a product of HEW.
LEAA funded 350 projects involving medical procedures, behavior modification
and drugs for delinquency control. Money from the Criminal Justice System
was being used to fund mental health projects and vice versa. Eventually,
the leadership responsibility and control of the Institute began to deteriorate
and their scientists began to answer to LEAA alone.
The National Institute of Mental Health went on to become one of the greatest
supporters of behavior modification research. Throughout the 1960's, court
calenders became blighted with lawsuits on the part of "human guinea pigs"
who had been experimented upon in prisons and mental institutions. It was
these lawsuits which triggered the Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional
Rights investigation, headed by Senator Sam Erwin. The subcommittee's harrowing
report was virtually ignored by the news media.
Thirteen behavior modification programs were conducted by the Department
of Defense. The Department of Labor had also conducted several experiments,
as well as the National Science Foundation. The Veterans' Administration
was also deeply involved in behavior modification and mind control. Each
of these agencies, including LEAA, and the Institute, were named in secret
CIA documents as those who provided research cover for the MK-ULTRA program.
Eventually, LEAA was using much of its budget to fund experiments, including
aversive techniques and psychosurgery, which involved, in some cases,
irreversible brain surgery on normal brain tissue for the purpose of changing
or controlling behavior and/or emotions.
Senator Erwin questioned the head of LEAA concerning ethical standards of
the behavior modification projects which LEAA had been funding. Erwin was
extremely dubious about the idea of the government spending money on this
kind of project without strict guidelines and reasonable research supervision
in order to protect the human subjects. After Senator Erwin's denunciation
of the funding polices, LEAA announced that it would no longer fund medical
research into behavior modification and psychosurgery. Despite the pledge
by LEAA's director, Donald E. Santarelli, LEAA ended up funding 537 research
projects dealing with behavior modification. There is strong evidence to
indicate psychosurgery was still being used in prisons in the 1980's. Immediately
after the funding announcement by LEAA, there were 50 psychosurgical operations
at Atmore State Prison in Alabama. The inmates became virtual zombies. The
operations, according to Dr. Swan of Fisk University, were done on black
prisoners who were considered politically active.
The Veterans' Administration openly admitted that psychosurgery was a standard
procedure for treatment and not used just in experiments. The VA Hospitals
in Durham, Long Beach, New York, Syracuse and Minneapolis were known to employ
these products on a regular basis. VA clients could typically be subject
to these behavior alteration procedures against their will. The Erwin
subcommittee concluded that the rights of VA clients had been violated.
LEAA also subsidized the research and development of gadgets and techniques
useful to behavior modification. Much of the technology, whose perfection
LEAA funded, had originally been developed and made operational for use in
the Vietnam War. Companies like Bangor Punta Corporation and Walter Kidde
and Co., through its subsidiary Globe Security System, adapted these devices
to domestic use in the U.S. ITT was another company that domesticated the
warfare technology for potential use on U.S. citizens. Rand Corporation executive
Paul Baran warned that the influx back to the United State of the Vietnam
War surveillance gadgets alone, not to mention the behavior modification
hardware, could bring about "the most effective, oppressive police state
ever created".
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
One of the fascinating aspects of the scandals that plague the U.S. Government
is the fact that so often the same names appear from scandal to scandal.
From the origins of Ronald Reagan's political career, as Governor of California,
Dr. Earl Brian and Edward Meese played key advisory roles.
Dr. Brian's name has been linked to the October Surprise and is a central
figure in the government's theft of PROMIS soft ware from INSLAW. Brian's
role touches from the Cabazon Indian scandals to United Press International.
He is one of those low-profile key figures.
And, alas, his name appears again in the nation's behavior modification and
mind control experiments. Dr. Brian was Reagan's Secretary of Health when
Reagan was Governor. Dr. Brian was an advocate of state subsidies for a research
center for the study of violent behavior. The center was to begin operations
by mid-1975, and its research was intended to shed light on why people murder
or rape, or hijack aircraft. The center was to be operated by the University
of California at Los Angeles, and its primary purpose, ac cording to Dr.
Brian, was to unify scattered studies on anti-social violence and possibly
even touch on socially tolerated violence, such as football or war. Dr. Brian
sought $1.3 million for the center.
It certainly was possible that prison inmates might be used as volunteer
subjects at the center to discover the unknowns which triggered their violent
behavior. Dr. Brian's quest for the center came at the same time Governor
Reagan concluded his plans to phase the state of California out of the mental
hospital business by 1982. Reagan's plan is echoed by Governor Pete Wilson
today, to place the responsibility of rehabilitating young offenders squarely
on the shoulders of local communities.
But as the proposal became known more publicly, a swell of controversy surrounded
it. It ended in a fiasco. The inspiration for the violence center came from
three doctors in 1967, five years before Dr. Brian and Governor Reagan unveiled
their plans. Amidst urban rioting and civil protest, Doctors Sweet, Mark
and Ervin of Harvard put forward the thesis that individuals who engage in
civil disobedience possess defective or damaged brain cells. If this conclusion
were applied to the American Revolution or the Women's Rights Movement, a
good portion of American society would be labeled as having brain damage.
In a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association, they stated:
"That poverty, unemployment, slum housing, and inadequate education underlie
the nation's urban riots is well known, but the obviousness of these causes
may have blinded us to the more subtle role of other possible factors, including
brain dysfunction in the rioters who engaged in arson, sniping and physical
assault.
"There is evidence from several sources that brain dysfunction related to
a focal lesion plays a significant role in the violent and assaultive behavior
of thoroughly studied patients. Individuals with electroencephalographic
abnormalities in the temporal region have been found to have a much greater
frequency of behavioral abnormalities (such as poor impulse control,
assaultiveness, and psychosis) than is present in people with a normal brain
wave pattern."
Soon after the publication in the Journal, Dr. Ervin and Dr. Mark published
their book Violence and the Brain, which included the claim that there were
as many as 10 million individuals in the United States "who suffer from obvious
brain disease". They argued that the data of their book provided a strong
reason for starting a program of mass screening of Americans.
"Our greatest danger no longer comes from famine or communicable disease.
Our greatest danger lies in ourselves and in our fellow humans...we need
to develop an 'early warning test' of limbic brain function to detect those
humans who have a low threshold for impulsive violence...Violence is a public
health problem, and the major thrust of any program dealing with violence
must be toward its prevention," they wrote.
The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration funded the doctors $108,000
and the National Institute of Mental Health kicked in another $500,000, under
pressure from Congress. They believed that psychosurgery would inevitably
be performed in connection with the program, and that, since it irreversibly
impaired people's emotional and intellectual capacities, it could be used
as an instrument of repression and social control.
The doctors wanted screening centers established throughout the nation. In
California, the publicity associated with the doctors' report, aided in the
development of The Center for the study and Reduction of Violence. Both the
state and LEAA provided the funding. The center was to serve as a model for
future facilities to be set up throughout the United States.
The Director of the Neurophyschiatric Institute and chairman of the Department
of Psychiatry at UCLA, Dr. Louis Jolyon West was selected to run the center.
Dr. West is alleged to have been a contract agent for the CIA, who, as part
of a network of doctors and scientists, gathered intelligence on hallucinogenic
drugs, including LSD, for the super-secret MK-ULTRA program. Like Captain
White (see part three of the series), West conducted LSD experiments for
the CIA on unwitting citizens in the safehouses of San Francisco. He achieved
notoriety for his injection of a massive dose of LSD into an elephant at
the Oklahoma Zoo, the elephant died when West tried to revive it by administering
a combination of drugs.
Dr. West was further known as the psychiatrist who was called upon to examine
Jack Ruby, Lee Harvey Oswald's assassin. It was on the basis of West's diagnosis
that Ruby was compelled to be treated for mental disorders and put on happy
pills. The West examination was ordered after Ruby began to say that he was
part of a right-wing conspiracy to kill President John Kennedy. Two years
after the commencement of treatment for mental disorder, Ruby died of cancer
in prison.
After January 11, 1973, when Governor Reagan announced plans for the Violence
Center, West wrote a letter to the then Director of Health for California,
J. M. Stubblebine.
"Dear Stub:
"I am in possession of confidential in formation that the Army is prepared
to turn over Nike missile bases to state and local agencies for non-military
purposes. They may look with special favor on health-related applications.
"Such a Nike missile base is located in the Santa Monica Mountains, within
a half-hour's drive of the Neuropsychiatric Institute. It is accessible,
but relatively remote. The site is securely fenced, and includes various
buildings and improvements, making it suitable for prompt occupancy.
"If this site were made available to the Neurophyschiatric Institute as a
research facility, perhaps initially as an adjunct to the new Center for
the Prevention of Violence, we could put it to very good use. Comparative
studies could be carried out there, in an isolated but convenient location,
of experimental or model programs for the alteration of undesirable behavior.
"Such programs might include control of drug or alcohol abuse, modification
of chronic anti-social or impulsive aggressiveness, etc. The site could also
accommodate conferences or retreats for instruction of selected groups of
mental-health related professionals and of others (e.g., law enforcement
personnel, parole officers, special educators) for whom both demonstration
and participation would be effective modes of instruction.
"My understanding is that a direct request by the Governor, or other appropriate
officers of the State, to the Secretary of Defense (or, of course, the
President), could be most likely to produce prompt results."
Some of the planned areas of study for the Center included:
It would also encourage law enforcement to keep computer files on pre-delinquent
children, which would make possible the treatment of children before they
became delinquents.
The purpose of the Violence Center was not just research. The staff was to
include sociologists, lawyers, police officers, clergymen and probation officers.
With the backing of Governor Reagan and Dr. Brian, West had secured guarantees
of prisoner volunteers from several California correctional institutions,
including Vacaville. Vacaville and Atascadero were chosen as the primary
sources for the human guinea pigs. These institutions had established a
reputation, by that time, of committing some of the worst atrocities in West
Coast history. Some of the experimentations differed little from what the
Nazis did in the death camps.
(NEXT: What happened to the Center?)
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
Dr. Earl Brian, Governor Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Health, was adamant
about his support for mind control centers in California. He felt the behavior
modification plan of the Violence Control Centers was important in the prevention
of crime.
The Violence Control Center was actually the brain child of William Herrmann
as part of a pacification plan for California. A counter insurgency expert
for Systems Development Corporation and an advisor to Governor Reagan, Herrmann
worked with the Stand Research Institute, the RAND Corporation, and the Hoover
Center on Violence. Herrman was also a CIA agent who is now serving an eight
year prison sentence for his role in a CIA counterfeiting operation. He was
also directly linked with the Iran-Contra affair according to government
records and Herrmann's own testimony.
In 1970, Herrmann worked with Colston Westbrook as his CIA control officer
when Westbrook formed and implemented the Black Cultural Association at the
Vacaville Medical Facility, a facility which in July experienced the death
of three inmates who were forcibly subjected to behavior modification drugs.
The Black Cultural Association was ostensibly an education program designed
to instill black pride identity in prisons, the Association was really a
cover for an experimental behavior modification pilot project designed to
test the feasibility of programming unstable prisoners to become more manageable.
Westbrook worked for the CIA in Vietnam as a psychological warfare expert,
and as an advisor to the Korean equivalent of the CIA and for the Lon Nol
regime in Cambodia. Between 1966 and 1969, he was an advisor to the Vietnamese
Police Special Branch under the cover of working as an employee of Pacific
Architects and Engineers.
His "firm" contracted the building of the interrogation/torture centers in
every province of South Vietnam as part of the CIA's Phoenix Program. The
program was centered around behavior modification experiments to learn how
to extract information from prisoners of war, a direct violation of the Geneva
Accords.
Westbrook's most prominent client at Vacaville was Donald DeFreeze, who be
tween 1967 and 1969, had worked for the Los Angeles Police Department's Public
Disorder Intelligence unit and later became the leader of the Symbionese
Liberation Army. Many authorities now believe that the Black Cultural Association
at Vacaville was the seedling of the SLA. Westbrook even designed the SLA
logo, the cobra with seven heads, and gave De Freeze his African name of
Cinque. The SLA was responsible for the assassination of Marcus Foster,
superintendent of School in Oakland and the kidnapping of Patty Hearst.
As a counterinsurgency consultant for Systems Development Corporation, a
security firm, Herrmann told the Los Angeles Times that a good computer
intelligence system "would separate out the activist bent on destroying the
system" and then develop a master plan "to win the hearts and minds of the
people". The San Francisco-based Bay Guardian, recently identified Herrmann
as an international arms dealer working with Iran in 1980, and possibly involved
in the October Surprise. Herrmann is in an English prison for counterfeiting.
He allegedly met with Iranian officials to ascertain whether the Iranians
would trade arms for hostages held in Lebanon.
The London Sunday Telegraph confirmed Herrmann's CIA connections, tracing
them from 1976 to 1986. He also worked for the FBI. This information was
revealed in his London trial.
In the 1970's, Dr. Brian and Herrmann worked together under Governor Reagan
on the Center for the Study and Reduction of Violence, and then, a decade
later, again worked under Reagan. Both men have been identified as working
for Reagan with the Iranians.
The Violence Center, however, died an agonizing death. Despite the Ervin
Senate Committee investigation and chastation of mind control, the experiments
continued. But when the Watergate scandal broke in the early 1970's, Washington
felt it was too politically risky to continue to push for mind control centers.
Top doctors began to withdraw from the proposal because they felt that there
were not enough safeguards. Even the Law Enforcement Assistance Agency, which
funded the program, backed out, stating, the proposal showed "little evidence
of established research ability of the kind of level necessary for a study
of this cope".
Eventually it became known that control of the Violence Center was not going
to rest with the University of California, but instead with the Department
of Corrections and other law enforcement officials. This information was
released publicly by the Committee Opposed to Psychiatric Abuse of Prisoners.
The disclosure of the letter resulted in the main backers of the program
bowing out and the eventual demise of the center.
Dr. Brian's final public statement on the matter was that the decision to
cut off funding represented "a callous disregard for public safety". Though
the Center was not built, the mind control experiments continue to this day.
(NEXT: What these torturous drugs do.)
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
The Central Intelligence Agency held two major interests in use of L.S.D.
to alter normal behavior patterns. The first interest centered around obtaining
information from prisoners of war and enemy agents, in contravention of the
Geneva Accords. The second was to deter the effectiveness of drugs used against
the enemy on the battlefield.
The MK-ULTRA program was originally run by a small number of people within
the CIA known as the Technical Services Staff (TSS). Another CIA department,
the Office of Security, also began its own testing program. Friction arose
and then infighting broke out when the Office of Security commenced to spy
on TSS people after it was learned that LSD was being tested on unwitting
Americans.
Not only did the two branches disagree over the issue of testing the drug
on the unwitting, they also disagreed over the issue of how the drug was
actually to be used by the CIA. The office of Security envisioned the drug
as an interrogation weapon. But the TSS group thought the drug could be used
to help destabilize another country, it could be slipped into the food or
beverage of a public official in order to make him behave foolishly or oddly
in public. One CIA document reveals that L.S.D. could be administered right
before an official was to make a public speech.
Realizing that gaining information about the drug in real life situations
was crucial to exploiting the drug to its fullest, TSS started conducting
experiments on its own people. There was an extensive amount of
self-experimentation. The Office of Security felt the TSS group was playing
with fire, especially when it was learned that TSS was prepared to spike
an annual office Christmas party punch with LSD, the Christmas party of the
CIA. L.S.D. could produce serious insanity for periods of eight to 18 hours
and possibly longer.
One of the "victims" of the punch was agent Frank Olson. Having never had
drugs before, L.S.D. took its toll on Olson. He reported that, every automobile
that came by was a terrible monster with fantastic eyes, out to get him
personally. Each time a car passed he would huddle down against a parapet,
terribly frightened. Olson began to behave erratically. The CIA made preparation
to treat Olson at Chestnut Lodge, but before they could, Olson checked into
a New York hotel and threw himself out from his tenth story room. The CIA
was ordered to cease all drug testing.
Mind control drugs and experiments were torturous to the victims. One of
three inmates who died in Vacaville Prison in July was scheduled to appear
in court in an attempt to stop forced administration of a drug, the very
drug that may have played a role in his death.
Joseph Cannata believed he was making progress and did not need forced dosages
of the drug Haldol. The Solano County Coroner's Office said that Cannata
and two other inmates died of hyperthermia, extremely elevated body temperature.
Their bodies all had at least 108 degrees temperature when they died. The
psychotropic drugs they were being forced to take will elevate body temperature.
Dr. Ewen Cameron, working at McGill University in Montreal, used a variety
of experimental techniques, including keeping subjects unconscious for months
at a time, administering huge electroshocks and continual doses of L.S.D.
Massive lawsuits developed as a result of this testing, and many of the subjects
who suffered trauma had never agreed to participate in the experiments. Such
CIA experiments infringed upon the much-honored Nuremberg Code concerning
medical ethics. Dr. Camron was one of the members of the Nuremberg Tribunal.
L.S.D. research was also conducted at the Addiction Research Center of the
U.S. Public Health Service in Lexington, Kentucky. This institution was one
of several used by the CIA. The National Institute of Mental Health and the
U.S. Navy funded this operation. Vast supplies of L.S.D. and other hallucinogenic
drugs were required to keep the experiments going. Dr. Harris Isbell ran
the program. He was a member of the Food and Drug Administration's Advisory
Committee on the Abuse of Depressant and Stimulants Drugs. Almost all of
the inmates were black. In many cases, L.S.D. dosage was increased daily
for 75 days.
Some 1500 U.S. soldiers were also victims of drug experimentation. Some claimed
they had agreed to become guinea pigs only through pressure from their superior
officers. Many claimed they suffered from severe depression and other
psychological stress.
One such soldier was Master Sergeant Jim Stanley. L.S.D. was put in Stanley's
drinking water and he freaked out. Stanley's hallucinations continued even
after he returned to his regular duties. His service record suffered, his
marriage went on the rocks and he ended up beating his wife and children.
It wasn't until 17 years later that Stanley was informed by the military
that he had been an L.S.D. experiment. He sued the government, but the Supreme
Court ruled no soldier could sue the Army for the L.S.D. experiments. Justice
William Brennen disagreed with the Court decision. He wrote, "Experimentation
with unknowing human subjects is morally and legally unacceptable."
Private James Thornwell was given L.S.D. in a military test in 1961. For
the next 23 years he lived in a mental fog, eventually drowning in a Vallejo
swimming pool in 1984. Congress had set up a $625,000 trust fund for him.
Large scale L.S.D. tests on American soldiers were conducted at Aberdeen
Proving Ground in Maryland, Fort Benning, Georgia, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas,
Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, and in Europe and the Pacific. The Army conducted
a series of L.S.D. tests at Fort Bragg in North Carolina. The purpose of
the tests were to ascertain how well soldiers could perform their tasks on
the battlefield while under the influence of L.S.D. At Fort McClellan, Alabama,
200 officers in the Chemical Corps were given L.S.D. in order to familiarize
them with the drug's effects. At Edgewood Arsenal, soldiers were given L.S.D.
and then confined to sensory deprivation chambers and later exposed to a
harsh interrogation sessions by intelligence people. In these sessions, it
was discovered that soldiers would cooperate if promised they would be allowed
to get off the L.S.D.
In Operation Derby Hat, foreign nationals accused of drug trafficking were
given L.S.D. by the Special Purpose Team, with one subject begging to be
killed in order to end his ordeal. Such experiments were also conducted in
Saigon on Viet Cong POWs. One of the most potent drugs in the U.S. arsenal
is called BZ or quinuclidinyl benzilate. It is a long-lasting drug and brings
on a litany of psychotic experiences and almost completely isolates any person
from his environment. The main effects of BZ last up to 80 hours compared
to eight hours for L.S.D. Negative after-effects may persist for up to six
weeks.
The BZ experiments were conducted on soldiers at Edgewood Arsenal for 16
years. Many of the "victims" claim that the drug permanently affected their
lives in a negative way. It so disorientated one paratrooper that he was
found taking a shower in his uniform and smoking a cigar. BZ was eventually
put in hand grenades and a 750 pound cluster bomb. Other configurations were
made for mortars, artillery and missiles. The bomb was tested in Vietnam
and CIA documents indicate it was prepared for use by the U.S. in the event
of large-scale civilian uprisings.
In Vacaville, psychosurgery has long been a policy. In one set of cases,
experimental psychosurgery was conducted on three inmates, a black, a Chicano
and a white person. This involved the procedure of pushing electrodes deep
into the brain in order to determine the position of defective brain cells,
and then shooting enough voltage into the suspected area to kill the defective
cells. One prisoner, who appeared to be improving after surgery, was released
on parole, but ended up back in prison. The second inmate became violent
and there is no information on the third inmate.
Vacaville also administered a "terror drug" Anectine as a way of "suppressing
hazardous behavior". In small doses, Anectine serves as a muscle relaxant;
in huge does, it produces prolonged seizure of the respiratory system and
a sensation "worse than dying". The drug goes to work within 30 to 40 seconds
by paralyzing the small muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes, and then
moves into the the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. The heart rate
subsides to 60 beats per minute, respiratory arrest sets in and the patient
remains completely conscious throughout the ordeal, which lasts two to five
minutes. The experiments were also used at Atascadero.
Several mind altering drugs were originally developed for non-psychoactive
purposes. Some of these drugs are Phenothiazine and Thorzine. The side effects
of these drugs can be a living hell. The impact includes the feeling of
drowsiness, disorientation, shakiness, dry mouth, blurred vision and an inability
to concentrate. Drugs like Prolixin are described by users as "sheer torture"
and "becoming a zombie".
The Veterans Administration Hospital has been shown by the General Accounting
Office to apply heavy dosages of psychotherapeutic drugs. One patient was
taking eight different drugs, three antipsychotic, two antianxiety, one
antidepressant, one sedative and one anti-Parkinson. Three of these drugs
were being given in dosages equal to the maximum recommended. Another patient
was taking seven different drugs. One report tells of a patient who refused
to take the drug. "I told them I don't want the drug to start with, they
grabbed me and strapped me down and gave me a forced intramuscular shot of
Prolixin. They gave me Artane to counteract the Prolixin and they gave me
Sinequan, which is a kind of tranquilizer to make me calm down, which over
calmed me, so rather than letting up on the medication, they then gave me
Ritalin to pep me up."
Prolixin lasts for two weeks. One patient describes how the drug does not
calm or sedate nerves, but instead attacks from so deep inside you, you cannot
locate the source of the pain. "The drugs turn your nerves in upon yourself.
Against your will, your resistance, your resolve, are directed at your own
tissues, your own muscles, reflexes, etc.." The patient continues, "The pain
grinds into your fiber, your vision is so blurred you cannot read. You ache
with restlessness, so that you feel you have to walk, to pace. And then as
soon as you start pacing, the opposite occurs to you, you must sit and rest.
Back and forth, up and down, you go in pain you cannot locate. In such wretched
anxiety you are overwhelmed because you cannot get relief even in breathing."
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
October 15, 1991
"We need a program of psychosurgery for political control of our society.
The purpose is physical control of the mind. Everyone who deviates from the
given norm can be surgically mutilated.
"The individual may think that the most important reality is his own existence,
but this is only his personal point of view. This lacks historical perspective.
"Man does not have the right to develop his own mind. This kind of liberal
orientation has great appeal. We must electrically control the brain. Some
day armies and generals will be controlled by electric stimulation of the
brain." These were the remarks of Dr. Jose Delgado as they appeared in the
February 24, 1974 edition of the Congressional Record, No. 26., Vol. 118.
Despite Dr. Delgado's outlandish statements before Congress, his work was
financed by grants from the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Aero-Medical
Research Laboratory, and the Public Health Foundation of Boston.
Dr. Delgado was a pioneer of the technology of Electrical Stimulation of
the Brain (ESB). The New York Times ran an article on May 17, 1965 entitled
Matador With a Radio Stops Wild Bull. The story details Dr. Delgado's experiments
at Yale University School of Medicine and work in the field at Cordova, Spain.
The New York Times stated:
"Afternoon sunlight poured over the high wooden barriers into the ring, as
the brave bull bore down on the unarmed matador, a scientist who had never
faced fighting bull. But the charging animal's horn never reached the man
behind the heavy red cape. Moments before that could happen, Dr. Delgado
pressed a button on a small radio transmitter in his hand and the bull braked
to a halt. Then he pressed another button on the transmitter, and the bull
obediently turned to the right and trotted away. The bull was obeying commands
in his brain that were being called forth by electrical stimulation by the
radio signals to certain regions in which fine wires had been painlessly
planted the day before."
According to Dr. Delgado, experiments of this type have also been performed
on humans. While giving a lecture on the Brain in 1965, Dr. Delgado said,
"Science has developed a new methodology for the study and control of cerebral
function in animals and humans."
The late L.L. Vasiliev, professor of physiology at the University of Leningrad
wrote in a paper about hypnotism: "As a control of the subject's condition,
when she was outside the laboratory in another set of experiments, a radio
set was used. The results obtained indicate that the method of using radio
signals substantially enhances the experimental possibilities." The professor
continued to write, "I.F. Tomaschevsky (a Russian physiologist) carried out
the first experiments with this subject at a distance of one or two rooms,
and under conditions that the participant would not know or suspect that
she would be experimented with. In other cases, the sender was not in the
same house, and someone else observed the subject's behavior. Subsequent
experiments at considerable distances were successful. One such experiment
was carried out in a park at a distance. Mental suggestions to go to sleep
were complied with within a minute."
The Russian experiments in the control of a person's mind through hypnosis
and radio waves were conducted in the 1930s, some 30 years before Dr. Delgado's
bull experiment. Dr. Vasiliev definitely demonstrated that radio transmission
can produce stimulation of the brain. It is not a complex process. In fact,
it need not be implanted within the skull or be productive of stimulation
of the brain, itself. All that is needed to accomplish the radio control
of the brain is a twitching muscle. The subject becomes hypnotized and a
muscle stimulant is implanted. The subject, while still under hypnosis, is
commanded to respond when the muscle stimulant is activated, in this case
by radio transmission.
Lincoln Lawrence wrote a book entitled Were We Controlled? Lawrance wrote,
"If the subject is placed under hypnosis and mentally programmed to maintain
a determination eventually to perform one specific act, perhaps to shoot
someone, it is suggested thereafter, each time a particular muscle twitches
in a certain manner, which is then demonstrated by using the transmitter,
he will increase this determination even more strongly. As the hypnotic spell
is renewed again and again, he makes it his life's purpose to carry out this
act until it is finally achieved. Thus are the two complementary aspects
of Radio-Hypnotic Intracerebral Control (RHIC) joined to reinforce each other,
and perpetuate the control, until such time as the controlled behavior is
called for. This is done by a second session with the hypnotist giving final
instructions. These might be reinforced with radio stimulation in more frequent
cycles. They could even carry over the moments after the act to reassure
calm behavior during the escape period, or to assure that one conspirator
would not indicate that he was aware of the co-conspirator's role, or that
he was even acquainted with him."
RHIC constitutes the joining of two well known tools, the radio part and
the hypnotism part. People have found it difficult to accept that an individual
can be hypnotized to perform an act which is against his moral principles.
Some experiments have been conducted by the U.S. Army which show that this
popular perception is untrue. The chairman of the Department of Psychology
at Colgate University, Dr. Estabrooks, has stated, "I can hypnotize a man
without his knowledge or consent into committing treason against the United
States." Estabrooks was one of the nation's most authoritative sources in
the hypnotic field. The psychologist told officials in Washington that a
mere 200 well trained hypnotists could develop an army of mind-controlled
sixth columnists in wartime United States. He laid out a scenario of an enemy
doctor placing thousands of patients under hypnotic mind control, and eventually
programming key military officers to follow his assignment. Through such
maneuvers, he said, the entire U.S. Army could be taken over. Large numbers
of saboteurs could also be created using hypnotism through the work of a
doctor practicing in a neighborhood or foreign born nationals with close
cultural ties with an enemy power.
Dr. Estabrooks actually conducted experiments on U.S. soldiers to prove his
point. Soldiers of low rank and little formal education were placed under
hypnotism and their memories tested. Surprisingly, hypnotists were able to
control the subjects' ability to retain complicated verbal information. J.
G. Watkins followed in Estabrooks steps and induced soldiers of lower rank
to commit acts which conflicted not only with their moral code, but also
the military code which they had come to accept through their basic training.
One of the experiments involved placing a normal, stable army private in
a deep trance. Watkins was trying to see if he could get the private to attack
a superior officer, a cardinal sin in the military. While the private was
in a deep trance, Watkins told him that the officer sitting across from him
was an enemy soldier who was going to attempt to kill him. In the private's
mind, it was a kill or be killed situation. The private immediately jumped
up and grabbed the officer by the throat. The experiment was repeated several
times, and in one case the man who was hypnotized and the man who was attacked
were very close friends. The results were always the same. In one experiment,
the hypnotized subject pulled out a knife and nearly stabbed another person.
Watkins concluded that people could be induced to commit acts contrary to
their morality if their reality was distorted by the hypnotism. Similar
experiments were conducted by Watkins using WACs exploring the possibility
of making military personnel divulge military secrets. A related experiment
had to be discontinued because a researcher, who had been one of the subjects,
was exposing numerous top-secret projects to his hypnotist, who did not have
the proper security clearance for such information. The information was divulged
before an audience of 200 military personnel.
(NEXT: School for Assassins)
Mind Control: a Navy school for assassins
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
Tuesday, October 22, 1991
In mans quest to control the behavior of humans, there was a great breakthrough
established by Pavlov, who devised a way to make dogs salivate on cue. He
perfected his conditioning response technique by cutting holes in the cheeks
of dogs and measured the amount they salivated in response to different stimuli.
Pavlov verified that "quality, rate and frequency of the salivation changed
depending upon the quality, rate and frequency of the stimuli."
Though Pavlov's work falls far short of human mind control, it did lay the
groundwork for future studies in mind and behavior control of humans. John
B. Watson conducted experiments in the United States on an 11-month-old infant.
After allowing the infant to establish a rapport with a white rat, Watson
began to beat on the floor with an iron bar every time the infant came in
contact with the rat. After a time, the infant made the association between
the appearance of the rat and the frightening sound, and began to cry every
time the rat came into view. Eventually, the infant developed a fear of any
type of small animal. Watson was the founder of the behaviorist school of
psychology.
"Give me the baby, and I'll make it climb and use its hands in constructing
buildings or stone or wood. I'll make it a thief, a gunman or a dope fiend.
The possibilities of shaping in any direction are almost endless. Even gross
differences in anatomical structure limits are far less than you may think.
Make him a deaf mute, and I will build you a Helen Keller. Men are built,
not born," Watson proclaimed. His psychology did not recognize inner feelings
and thoughts as legitimate objects of scientific study, he was only interested
in overt behavior.
Though Watson's work was the beginning of mans attempts to control human
actions, the real work was done by B.F. Skinner, the high priest of the
behaviorists movement. The key to Skinner's work was the concept of operant
conditioning, which relied on the notion of reinforcement, all behavior which
is learned is rooted in either a positive or negative response to that action.
There are two corollaries of operant conditioning" Aversion therapy and
desensitization.
Aversion therapy uses unpleasant reinforcement to a response which is
undesirable. This can take the form of electric shock, exposing the subject
to fear producing situations, and the infliction of pain in general. It has
been used as a way of "curing" homosexuality, alcoholism and stuttering.
Desensitization involves forcing the subject to view disturbing images over
and over again until they no longer produce any anxiety, then moving on to
more extreme images, and repeating the process over again until no anxiety
is produced. Eventually, the subject becomes immune to even the most extreme
images. This technique is typically used to treat people's phobias. Thus,
the violence shown on T.V. could be said to have the unsystematic and unintended
effect of desensitization.
Skinnerian behaviorism has been accused of attempting to deprive man of his
free will, his dignity and his autonomy. It is said to be intolerant of
uncertainty in human behavior, and refuses to recognize the private, the
ineffable, and the unpredictable. It sees the individual merely as a medical,
chemical and mechanistic entity which has no comprehension of its real interests.
Skinner believed that people are going to be manipulated. "I just want them
to be manipulated effectively," he said. He measured his success by the absence
of resistance and counter control on the part of the person he was manipulating.
He thought that his techniques could be perfected to the point that the subject
would not even suspect that he was being manipulated.
Dr. James V. McConnel, head of the Department of Mental Health Research at
the University of Michigan, said, "The day has come when we can combine sensory
deprivation with the use of drugs, hypnosis, and the astute manipulation
of reward and punishment to gain almost absolute control over an individual's
behavior. We want to reshape our society drastically."
A U.S. Navy psychologist, who claims that the Office of Naval Intelligence
had taken convicted murderers from military prisons, used behavior modification
techniques on them, and then relocated them in American embassies throughout
the world. Just prior to that time, the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee
had censured the CIA for its global political assassination plots, including
plots against Fidel Castro. The Navy psychologist was Lt. Commander Thomas
Narut of the U.S. Regional Medical Center in Naples, Italy. The information
was divulged at an Oslo NATO conference of 120 psychologists from the eleven
nation alliance. According to Dr. Narut, the U.S. Navy was an excellent place
for a researcher to find "captive personnel" whom they could could use as
guinea pigs in experiments. The Navy provided all the funding necessary,
according to Narut.
Dr. Narut, in a question and answer session with reporters from many nations,
revealed how the Navy was secretly programming large numbers of assassins.
He said that the men he had worked with for the Navy were being prepared
for commando-type operations, as well as covert operations in U.S. embassies
worldwide. He described the men who went through his program as "hit men
and assassins" who could kill on command.
Careful screening of the subjects was accomplished by Navy psychologists
through the military records, and those who actually received assignments
where their training could be utilized, were drawn mainly from submarine
crews, the paratroops, and many were convicted murderers serving military
prison sentences. Several men who had been awarded medals for bravery were
drafted into the program.
The assassins were conditioned through "audio-visual desensitization". The
process involved the showing of films of people being injured or killed in
a variety of ways, starting with very mild depictions, leading up to the
more extreme forms of mayhem. Eventually, the subjects would be able to detach
their feelings even when viewing the most horrible of films. The conditioning
was most successful when applied to "passive-aggressive" types, and most
of these ended up being able to kill without any regrets. The prime indicator
of violent tendencies was the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
Dr. Narut knew of two Navy programming centers, the neuropsychiatric laboratory
in San Diego and the U.S. Regional Medical Center in Italy, where he worked.
During the audio-visual desensitization programming, restraints were used
to force the subject to view the films. A device was used on the subjects
eyelids to prevent him from blinking. Typically, the preliminary film was
on an African youth being ritualistically circumcised with a dull knife and
without any anesthetic. The second film showed a sawmill scene in which a
man accidentally cut off his fingers.
In addition to the desensitization films, the potential assassins underwent
programming to create prejudicial attitude in the men, to think of their
future enemies, especially the leaders of these countries, as sub-human.
Films and lectures were presented demeaning the culture and habits of the
people of the countries where it had been decided they would be sent.
After his NATO lecture, Dr. Narut disappeared. He could not be located. Within
a week of so after the lecture, the Pentagon issued an emphatic denial that
the U.S. Navy had "engaged in psychological training or other types of training
of personnel as assassins." They disavowed the programming centers in San
Diego and Naples and stated they were unable to locate Narut, but did provide
confirmation that he was a staff member of the U.S. Regional Medical Center
in Naples.
Dr. Alfred Zitani, an American delegate to the Oslo conference, did verify
Narut's remarks and they were published in the Sunday Times.
Sometime later, Dr. Narut surfaced again in London and recanted his remarks,
stating that he was "talking in theoretical and not practical terms." Shortly
thereafter, the U.S. Naval headquarters in London issued a statement indicating
that Dr. Narut's remarks at the NATO conference should be discounted because
he had "personal problems". Dr. Narut never made any further public statements
about the program.
During the NATO conference in Oslo, Dr. Narut had remarked that the reason
he was divulging the information was because he believed that the information
was coming out anyway. The doctor was referring to the disclosure by a
Congressional subcommittee which were then appearing in the press concerning
various CIA assassination plots. However, what Dr. Narut had failed to realize
at the time, was that the Navy's assassination plots were not destined to
be revealed to the public at that time.
(To be continued.)
Soviets, U.S. both using mind control methods
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
November 5, 1991
There were three scientists who pioneered the work of using an electromagnetic
field to control human behavior. Their work began 25 years ago. These three
were Dr. Jose Delgado, psychology professor at Yale University; Dr. W. Ross
Adey, a physiologist at the Brain Research Institute at UCLA; and Dr. Wilder
Penfield, a Canadian.
Dr. Penfield's experiments consisted of the implantation of electrodes deep
into the cortexes of epilepsy patients who were to undergo surgery; he was
able to drastically improve the memories of these patients through electrical
stimulation. Dr. Adey implanted transmitters in the brains of cats and
chimpanzees that could send signals to a receiver regarding the electrical
activity of the brain; additional radio signals were sent back into the brains
of the animals which modified their behavior at the direction of the doctor.
Dr. Delgado was able to stop and turn a charging bull through the use of
an implanted radio receiver.
Other experiments using platinum, gold and stainless steel electrode implants
enabled researchers to induce total madness in cats, put monkeys into a stupor,
or to set human beings jerking their arms up and down. Much of Delgado's
work was financed by the CIA through phony funding conduits masking themselves
as charitable organizations.
Following the successes of Delgado's work, the CIA set up their own research
program in the field of electromagnetic behavior modification under the code
name Sleeping Beauty. With the guidance of Dr. Ivor Browning, a laboratory
was set up in New Mexico, specializing in working with the hypothalamus or
"sweet spot" of the brain. Here it was found that stimulating this area could
produce intense euphoria.
Dr. Browning was able to wire a radio receiver-amplifier into the "sweet
spot" of a donkey which picked up a five-micro-amp signal, such that he could
create intense happiness in the animal. Using the jolts of happiness as an
"electronic carrot", Browning was able to send the donkey up a 2000 foot
New Mexico mountain and back to its point of origin. When the donkey was
proceeding up the path toward its destination, it was rewarded; when it deviated,
the signal stopped. "You've never seen a donkey so eager to keep on course
in your whole life," Dr. Browning exclaimed.
The CIA utilized the electronic carrot technique in getting trained pigeons
to fly miniature microphone-transmitters to the ledge of a KGB safe house
where the devices monitored conversations for months. There was a move within
the CIA to conduct further experiments on humans, foreigners and prisoners,
but officially the White House vetoed the idea as being unethical.
In May 1989, it was learned by the CIA that the KGB was subjecting people
undergoing interrogation to electromagnetic fields, which produced a panic
reaction, thereby bringing them closer to breaking down under questioning.
The subjects were not told that they were being placed under the influence
of these beams. A few years earlier, Dr. Ross Adey released photographs and
a fact sheet concerning what he called the Russian Lida machine. This consisted
of a small transmitter emitting 10-hertz waves which makes the subject
susceptibile to hypnotic suggestion. The device utilized the outmoded vacuum-tube
design. American POWs in Korea have indicated that similar devices had been
used for interrogation purposes in POW camps.
The general, long term goal of the CIA was to find out whether or not mind
control could be achieved through the use of a precise, external, electromagnetic
beam. The electrical activity of the brain operates within the range of 100
hertz frequency. This spectrum is called ELF or Extremely Low Frequency range.
ELF waves carry very little ionizing radiation and very low heat, and therefore
do not manifest gross, observable physical effects on living organisms. Published
Soviet experiments with ELFs reveal that there was a marked increase in
psychiatric and central nervous system disorders and symptoms of stress for
sailors working close to ELF generators.
In the mid-1970s, American interest in combining EMR techniques with hypnosis
was very prominent. Plans were on file to develop these techniques through
experiments on human volunteers. The spoken word of the hypnotist could be
conveyed by modulated electromagnetic energy directly into the subconscious
parts of the human brain without employing any technical devices for receiving
or transacting the messages and without the person exposed to such influence
having a chance to control the information input consciously.
In California, it was discovered by Dr. Adey that animal brain waves could
be altered directly by ELF fields. It was found that monkey brains would
fall in phase with ELF waves. These waves could easily pass through the skull,
which normally protected the central nervous system from outside influence.
In San Leandro, Dr. Elizabeth Rauscher, director of Technic Research Laboratory,
has been doing ELF/brain research with human subjects for some time. One
of the frequencies produces nausea for more than an hour. Another frequency,
she calls it the marijuana frequency, gets people laughing. "Give me the
money and three months,"she says, "and I'll be able to affect the behavior
of eighty percent of the people in this town without their knowing it."
In the past, the Soviet Union has invested large sums of time and money
investigating microwaves. In 1952, while the Cold War was showing no signs
of thawing, there was a secret meeting at the Sandia Corporation in New Mexico
between U.S. and Soviet scientists involving the exchange of information
regarding the biological hazards and safety levels of EMR. The Soviets possessed
the greater preponderance of information, and the American scientists were
unwilling to take it seriously. In subsequent meetings, the Soviet scientists
continued to stress the seriousness of the risks, while American scientists
downplayed their importance. Shortly after the last Sandia meeting, the Soviets
began directing a microwave beam at the U.S. embassy in Moscow, using embassy
workers as guinea pigs for low-level EMR experiments. Washington, D.C. was
oddly quiescent, regarding the Moscow embassy bombardment. Discovered in
1962, the Moscow signal was investigated by the CIA, which hired a consultant,
Milton Zaret, and code named the research Project Pandora. According to Zaret,
the Moscow signal was composed of several frequencies, and was focussed precisely
upon the Ambassador's office. The intensity of the bombardment was not made
public, but when the State Department finally admitted the existence of the
signal, it announced that it was fairly low.
There was consensus among Soviet EMR researchers that a beam such as the
Moscow signal was destined to produced blurred vision and loss of mental
concentration. The Boston Globe reported that the American ambassador had
not only developed a leukemia-like blood disease, but also suffered from
bleeding eyes and chronic headaches. Under the CIA's Project Pandora, monkeys
were brought into the embassy and exposed to the Moscow signal; they were
found to have developed blood composition anomalies and unusual chromosome
counts. Embassy personnel were found to have a 40 percent higher than average
white blood cell count. While Operation Pandora's data gathering proceeded,
embassy personnel continued working in the facility and were not informed
of the bombardment until 10 years later. Embassy employees were eventually
granted a 20 percent hardship allowance for their service in an unhealthful
post. Throughout the period of bombardment, the CIA used the opportunity
to gather data on psychological and biological effects of the beam on American
personnel.
The U.S. government began to examine the affects of the Moscow signal. The
job was turned over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
DARPA is now developing electromagnetic weaponry. The man in charge of the
DARPA program, Dr. Jack Verona, is so important and so secretive that he
doesn't even return President George Bush's telephone calls.
(To be continued.)
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
Friday, November 8, 1991
The American public was never informed that the military had planned to develop
electromagnetic weapons until 1982, when the revelation appeared in a technical
Air Force magazine.
The magazine article stated, "....specifically generated radio-frequency
radiation (RFR) fields may pose powerful and revolutionary anti-personnel
military trends." The article indicated that that it would be very easy to
use electromagnetic fields to disrupt the human brain because the brain,
itself, was an electrically mediated organ. Iftfurther indicated that a rapidly
scanning RFR system would have a stunning or killing capability over a large
area. The system was developable.
Navy Captain Dr. Paul E. Taylor read a paper at the Air University Center
for Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education, at Maxwell Air Force Base,
Alabama. Dr. Taylor was responsible for the Navy's Radiation Laboratory and
had been studying radiation effects on humans. In his paper, Dr. Taylor stated,
"The ability of individuals to function (as soldiers) could be degraded to
such a point that would be combat ineffective." The system was so sophisticated
that it employed microwaves and millimeter waves and was transportable by
a large truck.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the South Bay, are working on the
development of a "brain bomb". A bomb could be dropped in the middle of a
battlefield which would produce microwaves, incapacitating the minds of soldiers
within a circumscribed area.
Applications of microwave technology in espionage were available for over
25 years. In a meeting in Berkeley of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science as early as 1965, Professor J. Anthony Deutsch of
New York University, provided an important segment of research in the field
of memory control. In layman terms, Professor Deutsch indicated that the
mind is a transmitter and if too much information is received, like too many
vehicles on a crowded freeway, the brain ceases to transmit. The Professor
indicated that an excess of acetyl choline in the brain can interfere with
the memory process and control. He indicated excess amounts of acetyl choline
can be artificially produced, through both the administration of drugs or
through the use of radio waves. The process is called Electronic Dissolution
of Memory (EDOM). The memory transmission can be stopped for as long as the
radio signal continues.
As a result, the awareness of the person skips over those minutes during
which he is subjected to the radio signal. Memory is distorted, and
time-orientation is destroyed.
According to Lincoln Lawrence, author of Were We Controlled, EDOM is now
operational. "There is already in use a small EDOM generator/transmitter
which can be concealed on the body of the person. Contact with this person,
a casual handshake or even just a touch, transmits a tiny electronic charge
plus an ultra-sonic signal tone which for a short period will disturb the
time-orientation of the person affected....it can be a potent weapon for
hopelessly confusing evidence in the investigation of a crime."
Thirty years ago, Allen Frey discovered that microwaves of 300 to 3000 megahertz
could be "heard" by people, even if they were deaf, if pulsed at a certain
rate. Appearing to be originating just in back of the head, the sound boomed,
clicked, hissed or buzzed, depending upon the frequency. Later research has
shown that the perception of the waves take place just in front of the ears.
The microwaves causes pressure waves in the brain tissue, and this phenomenon
vibrates the sound receptors in the inner ear through the bone structure.
Some microwaves are capable of directly stimulating the nerve cells of the
auditory pathways. This has been confirmed with experiments with rats, in
which the sound registers 120 decibels, which is equal to the volume of a
nearby jet during takeoff. Aside from having the capability of causing pain
and preventing auditory communication, a more subtle effect was demonstrated
at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research by Dr. Joseph C. Sharp. Dr.
Sharp, himself, was the subject of an experiment in which pulsed microwave
audiograms, or the microwave analog of the sound vibrations of spoken words,
were delivered to his brain in such a way that he was able to understand
the words that were spoken. Military and undercover uses of such a device
might include driving a subject crazy with inner voices in order to discredit
him, or conveying undetectable instructions to a programmed assassin.
But the technology has been carried even a step further. It has been demonstrated
by Dr. Ross Adey that microwaves can be used to directly bring about changes
in the electrical patterns of different parts of the brain. His experiments
showed that he could achieve the same mind control over animals as Dr. Delgado
did in the bull incident. Dr. Delgado used brain implants in his animals,
Dr. Adey used microwave devices without preconditioning. He made animals
act and look like electronic toys.
(Conclusion next week.)
Mind control origins found in Nazi Germany
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
Tuesday, November 19, 1991
At the conclusion of World War Two, American investigators learned that Nazi
doctors at the Dachau concentration camp in Germany had been conducting mind
control experiments on inmates. They experimented with hypnosis and with
the drug mescaline.
Mescaline is a quasi-synthetic extract of the peyote cactus, and is very
similar to LSD in the hallucinations which it produces. Though they did not
achieve the degree of success they had desired, the SS interrogators in
conjunction with the Dachau doctors were able to extract the most intimate
secrets from the prisoners when the inmates were given very high doses of
mescaline.
There were fatal mind control experiments conducted at Auschwitz. The experiments
there were described by one informant as "brainwashing with chemicals". The
informant said the Gestapo wasn't satisfied with extracting information by
torture. "So the next question was, why don't we do it like the Russians,
who have been able to get confessions of guilt at their show trials?" They
tried various barbiturates and morphine derivatives. After prisoners were
fed a coffee-like substance, two of them died in the night and others died
later.
The Dachau mescaline experiments were written up in a lengthy report issued
by the U.S. Naval Technical Mission, whose job it was at the conclusion of
the war to scour all of Europe for every shred of industrial and scientific
material that had been produced by the Third Reich. It was as a result of
this report that the U.S. Navy became interested in mescaline as an interrogation
tool. The Navy initiated Project Chatter in 1947, the same year the Central
Intelligence Agency was formed. The Chatter format included developing methods
for acquiring information from people against their will, but without inflicting
harm or pain.
At the conclusion of the war, the OSS was designated as the investigative
unit for the International Military Tribunal, which was to become known as
the Nuremberg Trials. The purpose of Nuremberg was to try the principal Nazi
leaders. Some Nazis were on trial for their experiments, and the U.S. was
using its own "truth drugs" on these principal Nazi prisoners, namely Goring,
Ribbentrop, Speer and eight others. The Justice in charge of the tribunal
had given the OSS permission to use the drugs.
The Dachau doctors who performed the mescaline experiments also were involved
in aviation medicine. The aviation experiments at Dachau fascinated Heinrich
Himmler. Himmler followed the progress of the tests, studied their findings
and often suggested improvements. The Germans had a keen interest in several
medical problems in the field of flying, they were interested in preventing
pilots from slowly becoming unconscious as a result of breathing the thin
air of the high altitudes and there was interest in enhancing night vision.
The main research in this area was at the Institute of Aviation in Munich,
which had excellent laboratories. The experiments in relationship to the
Institute were conducted at Dachau. Inmates had been immersed in tubs of
ice water with instruments placed in their orifices in order to monitor their
painful deaths. Dr. Hubertus Strughold, who ran the German aviation medicine
team, confirmed that he had heard humans were used for the Dachau experiments.
Hidden in a cave in Hallein were files recording the Dachau experiments.
On May 15, 1941, Dr. Sigmund Rascher wrote a letter to Himmler requesting
permission to use the Dachau inmates for experiments on the physiology of
high altitudes. Rascher lamented the fact that no such experiments have been
done using human subjects. "The experiments are very dangerous and we cannot
attract volunteers," he told Himmler. His request was approved.
Dachau was filled with Communists and Social Democrats, Jews, Jehovah's
Witnesses, Gypsies, clergymen, homosexuals, and people critical of the Nazi
government. Upon entering Dachau, prisoners lost all legal status, their
hair was shaved off, all their possessions confiscated, they were poorly
fed, and they were used as slaves for both the corporations and the government.
The SS guards were brutal and sadistic. The idea to test subjects at Dachau
was really the brain child of Erich Hippke, chief surgeon of the Luftwaffe.
Between March and August of 1942 extensive experiments were conducted at
Dachau regarding the limits of human endurance at high altitudes. These
experiments were conducted for the benefit of the German Air Force. The
experiments took place in a low-pressure chamber in which altitudes of up
to 68,000 feet could be simulated. The subjects were placed in the chamber
and the altitude was raised, many inmates died as a result. The survivors
often suffered serious injury. One witness at the Nuremberg trails, Anton
Pacholegg, who was sent to Dachau in 1942, gave an eyewitness account of
the typical pressure test:
"The Luftwaffe delivered a cabinet constructed of wood and metal. It was
possible in the cabinet to either decrease or increase the air pressure.
You could observe through a little window the reaction of the subject inside
the chamber. The purpose of these experiments was to test human energy and
the subject's capacity...to take large amounts of pure oxygen, and then to
test his reaction to a gradual decrease in oxygen. I have personally seen
through the observation window of the chamber when a prisoner inside would
stand a vacuum until his lungs ruptured. Some experiments gave men such pressure
in their heads that they would go mad and pull out their hair in an effort
to relieve the pressure. They would tear their heads and face with their
fingers and nails in an attempt to maim themselves in their madness. They
would beat the walls with their hands and head and scream in an effort to
relieve pressure in their eardrums. These cases of extreme vacuums generally
ended in the death of the subjects." The former prisoner also testified,
"An extreme experiment was so certain to result in death that in many instances
the chamber was used for routine execution purposes rather than an experiment."
A minimum 200 prisoners were known to have died in these experiments.
The doctors directly involved with the research held very high positions:
Karl Brandt was Hitler's personal doctor; Oskar Schroeder was the Chief of
the Medical Services of the Luftwaffe; Karl Gebhardt was Chief Surgeon on
the Staff of the Reich Physician SS and Police and German Red Cross President;
Joachim Mrugowsky was Chief of the Hygienic Institute of the Waffen SS; Helmut
Poppendick was a senior colonel in the SS and Chief of the Personal Staff
of the Reich Physicians SS and Police; Siegfried Ruff was Director of the
Department of Aviation Medicine.
The first human guinea pig was a 37 year old Jew in good health. Himmler
invited 40 top Luftwaffe officers to view a movie of an inmate dying in the
pressure chamber. After the pressure chamber tests, the cold treatment
experiments began. The experiments consisted of immersing inmates in freezing
water while their vital signs were monitored. The goal was to discover the
cause of death. Heart failure was the answer. An inmate described the procedures:
"The basins were filled with water and ice was added until the water measured
37.4 F and the experimental subjects were either dressed in a flying suit
or were placed in the water naked. The temperature was measured rectally
and through the stomach. The lowering of the body temperature to 32 degrees
was terrible for experimental subjects. At 32 degrees the subject lost
consciousness. They were frozen to 25 degrees. The worst experiment was performed
on two Russian officer POWs. They were placed in the basin naked. Hour after
hour passed, and while usually after a short time, 60 minutes, freezing had
set in, these two Russians were still conscious after two hours. After the
third hour one Russian told the other, 'Comrade, tell that officer to shoot
us.' The other replied, 'Don't expect any mercy from this Fascist dog.' Then
they shook hands and said goodbye. The experiment lasted at least five hours
until death occurred.
Dry freezing experiments were also carried out a Dachau. One subject was
put outdoors on a stretcher at night when it was extremely cold. While covered
with a linen sheet, a bucket of cold water was poured over him every hour.
He was kept outdoors undersub-freezing conditions. In subsequent experiments,
subjects were simply left outside naked in a court under freezing conditions
for hours. Himmler gave permission to move the experiments to Auschwitz,
because it was more private and because the subjects of the experiment would
howl all night as they froze. The physical pain of freezing was terrible.
The subjects died by inches, heartbeat became totally irregular, breathing
difficulties and lung endema resulted, hands and feet became frozen white."
As the Germans began to lose the war, the aviation doctors began too keep
their names from appearing in Himmler's files for fear of future recriminations.
(To be concluded Friday.)
Last of a Thirteen Part Series
America made it to the moon with Dachau research
By Harry V. Martin and David Caul
Copyright, Napa Sentinel, 1991
Friday, November 22, 1991
The Nazi doctors who experimented on the inmates of prison camps during World
War Two were tried for murder at the Nuremberg Tribunal. The accused were
educated, trained physicians, they did not kill in anger or in malice, they
were creating a science of death.
Ironically, in 1933, the Nazi's passed a law for the protection of animals.
The law cited the prevention of cruelty and indifference to animals as one
of the highest moral values of a people, animal experimentation was unthinkable,
but human experimentations were acceptable. The victims of the crime of these
doctors numbered into the thousands.
In 1953, while the Central Intelligence Agency was still conducting mind
control and behavior modification on unwitting humans in this country, the
United States signed the Nuremberg Code, a code born out of the ashes of
war and human suffering. The document was a solemn promise never to tolerate
such human atrocities again. The Code maintains three fundamental principles:
The Nazi aviation experiments met none of these conditions. Most inmates
at Dachau knew that the experiments in the pressure chamber were fatal. From
the very beginning, control of the experiments was largely in the hands of
the SS, which was later judged to be a criminal organization by the Nuremberg
Tribunal.
Despite our lessons from Nuremberg and the death camps, the CIA, U.S. Navy
and the U.S. Army Chemical Corps targeted specific groups of people for
experimentation who were not able to resist, prisoners, mental patients,
foreigners, ethnic minorities, sex deviants, the terminally ill, children
and U.S. military personnel and prisoners of war. They violated the Nuremberg
Code for conducting and subsidizing experiments on unwitting citizens. The
CIA began its mind control projects in 1953, the very year that the U.S.
signed the Nuremberg Code and pledged with the international community of
nations to respect basic human rights and to prohibit experimentation on
captive populations without full and free consent.
Dr. Cameron, a CIA operative, was one of the worst offenders against the
Code, yet he was a member of the Nuremberg Tribunal, with full knowledge
of its testimony. In 1973, a three judge court in Michigan ruled,
"...experimental psychosurgery, which is irreversible and intrusive, often
leads to the blunting of emotions, the deadening of memory, the reduction
of affect, and limits the ability to generate new ideas. Its potential for
injury to the creativity of the individual is great and can infringe on the
right of the individual to be free from interference with his mental process.
"The state's interest in performing psychosurgery and the legal ability of
the involuntarily detained mental patient to give consent, must bow to the
First Amendment, which protects the generation and free flow of ideas from
unwarranted interference with one's mental processes." Citing the Nuremberg
Code, the court found that "the very nature of the subject's incarceration
diminishes the capacity to consent to psychosurgery." In 1973, the Commonwealth
of Massachusetts enacted regulations which would require informed written
consent from voluntary patients before electroshock treatment could be performed.
Senator Sam Ervin's Committee lashed out bitterly at the mind control and
behavior modification experiments and ordered them discontinued, they were
not. But the New England Journal of Medicine states, that the consent provisions
are "no more than an elaborate ritual." They called it "a device that when
the subject is uneducated and uncomprehending, confers no more than a semblance
of propriety on human experimentation."
The Nuremberg Tribunal brought to light that some of the most respected figures
in the medical profession were involved in the vast crime network of the
SS. Only 23 persons were charged with criminal activity in this area, despite
the fact that hundreds of medical personnel were involved. The defendants
were charged with crimes against humanity. They were found guilty of planning
and executing experiments on humans without their consent, in a cruel and
brutal manner which involved severe torture, deliberate murder and with the
full knowledge of the gravity of their deeds. Only seven of the defendants
were sentenced to death and hanged, others received life sentences. Five
who were involved in the experiments were not tried. Ernest Grawitz committed
suicide, Carl Clauberg was tried in the Soviet Union, Josef Mengele escaped
to South America and was later captured by Israeli agents, Horst Schumann
disappeared and Siegmund Rascher was executed by Himmler.
There were 200 German medical doctors conducting these medical experiments.
Most of these doctors were friends of the United States before the war, and
despite their inhuman experiments, the U.S. attempted to rebuild a relationship
with them after the war. The knowledge the Germans had accumulated at the
expense of human life and suffering, was considered a "booty of war", by
the Americans and the Russians.The Americans tracked down Dr. Strughold,
the aviation doctor who was in charge of the Dachau experiments. With full
knowledge that the experiments were conducted on captive humans, the U.S.
recruited the doctors to work for them. General Dwight D. Eisenhower gave
his personal approval to exploit the work and research of the Nazi's in the
death camps.
Within weeks of Eisenhower's order, many of these notorious doctors were
working for the U.S. Army at Heidelberg. Army teams scoured Europe for scientific
experimental apparatus such as pressure chambers, compressors, G-force machines,
giant centrifuges, and electron microscopes. These doctors were wined and
dined by the U.S. Army while most of Germany's post-war citizens virtually
starved.
The German doctors were brought to the U.S. and went to work for Project
Paperclip. All these doctors had been insulated against war crime charges.
The Nuremberg prosecutors were shocked that U.S. authorities were using the
German doctors despite their criminal past.
Under the leadership of Strughold, 34 scientists accepted contracts from
Project Paperclip, and were moved to Randolph Air Force Base at San Antonio,
Texas. The authorization to hire these Nazi scientists came directly for
the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The top military brass stated that they wished
to exploit these rare minds. Project Paperclip, ironically, would use Nazi
doctors to develop methods of interrogating German prisoners of war.
As hostilities began to build after the war between the Americans and the
Russians, the U.S. imported as many as 1000 former Nazi scientists.
In 1969, Americans landed on the moon, and two groups of scientist in the
control center shared the credit, the rocket team from Peenemunde, Germany,
under the leadership of Werner von Braun, these men had perfected the V-2s
which were built in the Nordhausen caves where 20,000 slave laborers from
prison camp Dora had been worked to death. The second group were the space
doctors, lead by 71-year-old Dr. Hubertus Strughold, whose work was pioneered
in Experimental Block No. 5 of the Dachau concentration camp and the torture
and death of hundreds of inmates. The torture chambers that was used to slowly
kill the prisoners of the Nazi's were the test beds for the apparatus that
protected Neil Armstrong from harm, from lack of oxygen, and pressure, when
he walked on the moon.
The Napa Sentinel would like to acknowledge the exceptional contribution
of radio commentator David Emory and his extensive archives. Other source
material included:
From the Belly of the Beast, Jack Henry Abbott
Congressional Record, No. 26, Vol. 118, Feb. 24, 1974, testimony of Jose
Delgado
The Glass House Tapes, by Louis Tackwood
The Great Heroin Coup, by Henrik Kruger
Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, 93rd Congress,
2nd Session, 1974. Sam Ervin Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional 'Rights
The Last Hero, Wild Bill Donovan, by Anthony Cave Brown
Mind Control, by Peter Schrag
The Mind Stealers, by Samuel Chavkin
Matador with a radio stops wild bull, New York Times, May 17, 1965
Operation Mind Control, Water Bowart
The Phoenix Program, Douglas Valentine
The Physical Control of the Mind, Jose M. R. Delgado, MD
The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, Alfred McCoy
Role of Brain Disease in Riots and urban Violence, by Vernon H. Mark, Frank
R. Ervin, and William H. Sweet. Journal of the American Medical Association,
September 11, 1967.
San Francisco Bay Guardian, August 28, 1991
Convict Talks of 1984 Arms Talks With Iran, San Francisco Chronicle, December
29, 1986
San Francisco Chronicle, January 13, 1973
Guy Wright Column, San Francisco Chronicle, July 5, 1987
Sunday Times, July 1975.
Violence and the Brain, by Vernon H. Mark and Frank R. Ervin
War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of Psychology, by Peter Watson
Were We Controlled? - by Lincoln Lawrence
Why Was Patricia Hearst Kidnapped? - by Mae Brussell, The Realist.
and other select readings.
Bibliography
Part One in a Series
There was just a small news announcement on the radio in early July after
a short heat wave, three inmates of Vacaville Medical Facility had died in
non-air conditioned cells. Two of those prisoners, the announcement said,
may have died as a result of medical treatment. No media inquiries were made,
no major news stories developed because of these deaths.
Second in a Series
EDITOR'S NOTE: The Sentinel commenced a series on mind control in early August
and suspended it until September because of the extensive research required
after additional information was received.
Bibliography
Acid Dreams by Martin Lee & Bruce Shlain