================================================================ MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 92 ================================================================ V E R I C O M M sm "Quid veritas est?" ================================================================ The views and opinions expressed below are not necessarily the views and opinions of VERICOMM or the editors, unless otherwise noted. The following is reproduced here with the express permission of the author. Permission is given to reproduce and redistribute, for non-commercial purposes only, provided this information and the copy remain intact and unaltered. Copy formatted in ASCII. Netscape mail reader format: "Options/Mail & News Preferences/Appearance" = Fixed Width Font. ================================================================ ARE WE STILL MESMERIZED? By James M. Silver Copyright 1996 ALL Rights Reserved November 1996 ---------------------------------------------------------------- Many of you readers may be familiar with facts contained in this overview. If not, then it serves its purpose to inform. That purpose, however, is directed primarily at skeptics who FEEL that hypnosis or mind control is but a fantasy of an aberrant mind, or mere carnival entertainment and doubt the possibility of its use by those of malicious, self-important intent. The actuality is that: for at least 50 years, there has existed SCIENTIFIC proof of the mechanisms of this still mysterious, manipulative power of which the human mind is capable...for the common good, or for evil. A frog lays belly up in the palm of your hand. Then you tap its belly or snap your fingers over it a few times. It remains immobile for so long, that unless awakened by tapping or acid on its skin, it will shrivel and die. You press a fowl gently to the ground. You draw a straight chalkline rapidly forward from its beak. It remains transfixed in the uncomfortable position until stimulated. Place the eagle's head under its wing. Then you swing it to and fro several times. Afterward, it remains quiet and stays in whatever unusual or uncomfortable position it's placed in. The cobra rears upward. You give it sudden blow to the back of the neck, then hold it up and straighten it into a rigid staff. Other snakes may also be "charmed." The shaman or witch doctor chants, making magical passes over you, fanning the smoke from the sacred herbs. He tells you the evil spirits have been driven away; you are now strong, healthy...and you are. The yogi says to sit quietly. Close your eyes. Turn your eyes upward (crossed) and contemplate your third eye. You all hum the sacred sound...AUM. After a time you are in a state of deep relaxation. Your alarm clock is broken. As you drift off to sleep, you remind yourself that you have to be up by 6 a.m. You awaken a few minutes before the alarm sounds. The mother is asleep, oblivious to the thunderous storm outside. Her baby utters a slight cry; immediately she is awake. You get home from work and notice a serious bruise or cut. You have no idea how or when it happened. That is because your attention was elsewhere at the time. You were mesmerized, entranced; anesthetized by virtue of concentrating on whatever it was you were doing. All the above are examples of the phenomena known as hypnosis. Until its scientific discovery around 1840 it was occult. Throughout history, in all cultures world-wide...usually in an esoteric-religious guise...it was privy to but a privileged few. The secrets of healing and magical rites were passed on through kinship or trial by discipline. Towards the end of the Middle Ages (mid-to-late 1400s), there appeared several physicians of prominence worth noting in relation to the evolution of this discovery. Italian physician Geronymo Cardano was also a mathematician and philosopher. He published a work describing how he could put himself into an unconscious, sleep-like state by staring at a shiny object for a long period of time. German (Swiss-born) Phillipus Paracelsus' theory was: man the microcosm, as part of the macrocosm (the universe), was controlled by sidereal magnetism from the heavenly bodies. He called his methods "healing by sympathetic magnetism." An astute observer, he watched monks heal patients by letting them gaze at a crystal ball until they fell asleep. Fascinated by this "moon-struck" behavior, he wrote about a Basel tavern hostess. For months she had accused her servants of stealing. After finding blood on her bed-clothes and broken glass on her table, further investigation showed that she was a sleepwalker. Her "second self" had hidden the money in the roof; yet her "real self" remembered none of it. Heinrich Agrippa, a contemporary of Paracelsus, was Court Physician to Franz I and Louis of Savoy. Even so, he found himself imprisoned for conjuring; bewitching men and animals; disdaining the science of his time. He was released though because, while imprisoned, he worked cures with his magnetic (hypnotic) methods. Agrippa observed, "The fluctuating emotions of the psyche, springing from phantasy, not only influence our own organism but take strong effect on others... They can bring about the cure of others as well as induce mental and physical sickness in them." Both Agrippa and Paracelsus achieved great stature as physicians, even though "nature conjurers." They used natural methods of healing including hypno-suggestion, herbs, chemical drugs and rituals. Paracelsus, considered by many to be the father of modern medicine, wrote, "Medicine is not merely a science, but an art. The character of the physician may act more powerfully upon the patient than the drugs employed." For most of the late 1700s and until about 1850 it was known as "animal magnetism." This was the name Dr. Franz Anton Mesmer gave to the mysterious force with which he had cured so many people's ills; 60 to 70 percent, it was said. His notoriety spread. Mesmer's dissertation at the University of Vienna in 1766 caused a wave of interest in unusual phenomena that lasted for decades. The cultural impact of his life is apparent; from it came the word "mesmerized," meaning hypnotized. Mesmer believed, "Man should live and die, healthy and free, in harmony with God and the universe." He was to have been a theologian, but a dramatic personal experience altered his life's path...and ours. As it was told, he came across a wounded man; and, noticed that the severity of the man's bleeding changed with the distance of his presence. He approached, made several passes over the wound with his hands; the bleeding stopped entirely. He went on to study at University of Vienna with world-famed astronomer, Jesuit father Maximillian Hell. Father Hell did "magnetic" healings, using steel magnets shaped like the afflicted organ. Mesmer also studied the ecclesiastical exorcisms and laying-on of hands. Mesmerism, though theoretically false, was the first world-wide trend to combine biological and therapeutic aims. He and his students tried to clarify the phenomena, both animal and human, as concrete concepts of natural science...not along mystical, super-natural, magical lines. They applied these practices to the methodical healing of body-mind distresses. "This in turn became the source of the scientific psychotherapy of the present day," according to research neurologist and psychiatrist F.A. Volgysei. Other methods were brought to Paris in the late 1700s by Abbe' Faria, a priest and scholar who had lived in the Orient for many years. One method he used was to sit opposite, staring at the subject, then suddenly and energetically shout "Sleep!" Another involved rigid fixation of the gaze for a lengthy time, then stroking movements, similar to those of Mesmer. Faria attributed the effects he elicited to be psychic, not magnetic, in origin. He wrote specifically that, "Healthy subjects could be charmed into sickness and sick ones into health" through spoken influences. A tropical disease and premature death ended this gifted man's research. Credit for the scientific discovery of hypnosis belongs to Dr. James Braid, an ophthalmic surgeon. In 1841 he saw a stage performance by a Frenchman who practiced magnetism. He was struck by the common eye activity of the subjects; the eyelids quivered...the eyes rolled up...then "sleep." Probably because of his background, he concluded that the essence of animal magnetism was eye-fatigue; later, fatigue of the "inner or psychic eye." He was first to use the technical terms "hypnosis" (from the Greek word "hypnos," meaning sleep), hypnotism, hypnotist, suggestion, and mono-ideation, in the sense they are used today. Even though the name is the same today, hypnosis is not sleep. Braid's chief objective was "not to exploit those elements that give rise to superstitious and magical belief, but to ensure that everything mystical is excluded from the circle of scientific hypnotic practice." His theory legitimized the various phenomena observed, whether in animals or humans, by noting the similarities. Two examples were rigidity through fright and autonomous behavior with restricted consciousness. Based on his theory, Braid developed a simple technical procedure called the "fixation technique." He would place a bright, shiny object in front of the subject's eyes (human or animal). It would be just above the bridge of the nose, about forehead level. He found that usually, with no other influences at work, eye and mental fatigue would follow. The consequence was a simple hypnotic dynamic, under which all of Mesmer's experiments, including cures, could be demonstrated. Being primarily a surgeon, Braid recommended and used hypnotic anesthesia on his patients. There were other physicians who had been using mesmeric-magnetic techniques to bring about insensibility. Some integrated the two methods and achieved remarkable success rates (80 to 90 percent). In those days, when the only alternative was to be totally drunk or knocked out with the ever-present "blunt object," it was quite a miracle. But, while animals were uniformly responsive to Braid's method, humans reacted unequally. So, medical journals closed their pages to him. Physicians who favored Mesmer, along with members of the clergy, attacked the reformer. The essential nature of Braid's hypnotic procedure and the underlying physiological mechanisms have since been clarified and vindicated by Ivan Pavlov's work. After about 1860, there was an increasing interest in the role of suggestion. More important was the biological trend of comparative research into hypnosis; animal experimentation flourished. University professors of biology were finding many examples of pseudo-sleep in animals could be brought about in ways unrelated to Mesmer's or Braid's methods. J. Czermak of Leipzig and W. Preyer of Berlin showed that certain elements of fright and anxiety brought about inner inhibitions of the nervous system in sensory and motor areas...followed by stiffening and paralysis of the muscles. R. Heidenhain of Breslau recognized the importance of monotonous stimuli; preferring to use a metronome on his subjects. Along with his colleagues, professor of neurology Berger and professor of physiology Grutzner, they made it clear that animal and human hypnosis were, indeed, the same process. Then physiologist Max Verworn showed that the difference was only a matter of levels; in both cases certain obvious inhibitory processes come into play. Verworn's thesis of the physiological identity of the inner inhibitory processes in hypnosis and sleep made him a direct forerunner of Ivan Pavlov's School of Neurophysiology (1904 onwards). For humans however, until 1910 hypnosis based on suggestion and psychotherapy were synonymous; officially blessed by both clinicians and academicians. Pavlov's contemporary, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939; the father of psychoanalysis) vied to win backing from the medical school of thought. Besides the Russian political situation, the language barrier and Pavlov's neurophysiological approach were not conducive to an exchange of knowledge. Psychoanalysis, clever and controversial, was successful in dominating for a time, and still has many advocates. But ultimately, psychoanalysis has lost to a massive body of empirically proven neuro-physiological evidence. Pavlov's remarkable achievements heralded a new era for the fields of physiology, psychology, psychiatry, psychotherapy and the whole field of clinical and experimental medicine. From 1876-1884, he advanced our knowledge of the heart and circulatory system. From 1884-1903, he demonstrated the decisive importance of the primary instinctual drive (hunger and food) on our psychic and somatic life, for which he was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize. From 1913-1925, he studied the digestive tract. His most familiar experiments are those using dogs. A dog's innate, natural, "unconditioned reflex" is to salivate if an "unconditioned stimulus, whether meat or sand," is put into its mouth. He found, however, that if a definite "conditioned stimulus" (like a bell or light) preceded the meat, a "conditioned reflex" could be entrained. Their research got interesting, specific responses from the dogs. A dog conditioned to a metronome would salivate only at 100 beats...not 98...not 102. They also found that their dogs discriminated between 50 shadings of black and white; not salivating if the shade was 1/50 brighter or darker. Pavlov and his school PROVED that there was NO essential difference between a "conditioned reflex" and a "suggestion." The digestive organs responded whether the stimulus was real or not. They showed by experiment how almost all our organs could be influenced indirectly by neuro-physiological means. In man, spoken suggestions provide the conditioned stimuli with the richest variety of content. When Pavlov published his lectures on their work with cerebral hemispheres, he said, "Suggestion, therefore, is to be regarded as the simplest, most typical conditioned reflex in man." Until his death in 1936, Pavlov applied his previous discoveries to human welfare and neuro-psychic methods of treatment; exploring hypnosis, sleep, schizophrenia, hysteria, neurosis, anxiety and obsession. The exactitude of his lifetime of research and the extent was so significant that they have become part of the common consciousness of science. The experiments led him to the following final conclusions: inner inhibition, hypnosis and sleep are the SAME physiological process, and, that monotonous, repetitive stimulation of ANY single area of the cortex would eventually induce inner inhibitions, then sleepiness, then hypnosis, and finally, deep sleep. Pavlov said that, "Through all our 25 years of work I never saw any single phenomenon that ran counter to these conclusions." Of predominance to hypnosis is the core of his teaching, taken from research: the sharp distinction drawn between inherited unconditioned reflexes and conditioned reflexes acquired through living. Aided by the idea of conditioned reflex, experimental exploration of the human unconscious began anew. Throughout the first half of this century, many studies were published in American journals of psychology, psychiatry and medicine. In 1943, a rock solid case for Pavlov's view of hypnosis was put forth in a most readable book, "What Is Hypnosis" by Andrew Salter. A consulting psychologist from New York City, Salter also wrote "Conditioned Reflex Therapy" and "The Case Against Psychoanalysis." His books were translated into German, Italian, Spanish, Swedish and Japanese; and acclaimed as scientific contributions. Salter points out in "What Is Hypnosis" that conditioned reflexes not only in animals, but in humans, DO NOT involve volitional thinking. He refers to a "significant and splendidly constructed" experiment using Pavlov's method by C.V. Hudgins, who conditioned the human pupillary reflex (which is normally involuntary). Merely saying the word "contract" would cause his subjects' pupils to do so. Another important study with humans, by R. Menzies, proved that just saying the word "crosses," caused an actual physical drop of temperature only in ONE hand. "In short," Salter said, "conditioning can produce physical changes. The conditioned reflex is the essence of hypnosis. Words are the bells of conditioned reflexes." He felt though, that "associative reflex" might be a more appropriate term. This would take into account modifying aspects such as inflection, nuance, tone and gestures. Therefore, "Hypnosis is not the production of a state. It is an eliciting of one." Salter's mentor, professor Clark Hull of Yale University, said, "The conditioned reflex is one of the most primitive of all learning and memory processes. Words...are assumed...to have acquired during the previous history of the subject, through the process of association or conditioning, the capacity to evoke the reactions of which they are the names." Salter scoffed at the idea that the trance was a fundamental phenomenon of hypnosis. Working with W.H. Gardiner, M.D., they conditioned subjects to be completely insensitive to pain and deaf to gunshots IN A WAKING STATE. In 10 seconds they could anesthetize any part of their body by themselves...a powerful demonstration of auto-suggestion (self-hypnosis). Extensive experimentation showed no differences between the physiology of the hypnotic and waking state. Some of the similarities studied were: brain electrical potentials, cerebral circulation, respiration and oxygen consumption, respiration and heart action, blood pressure, blood count, blood analysis and knee reflex. This showed many conditions (e.g., hysteria) were the result of auto- or hetero-conditioning. Hull noted definite advantages for auto-hypnosis: First, it completely surmounts the diminution of post-hypnotic suggestion. Second, the subject does not have to revisit the therapist persistently for help. And, third, and most important, it weakens the feeling of dependency upon the therapist. "First they tell you you're wrong, and they can prove it. Then they tell you you're right, but it's not important. Then they tell you it's important, but they've known it for years." - Charles F. Kettering, American Engineer, inventor of NCR accounting machines, automobile self-starters, ethyl gasoline, quick dry lacquer, two-cycle diesel train engine, high-combustion automobile engine. Salter included the above quote, noting, "That is the usual fate of scientific ideas, and my own have been no exception." He ended by writing that, "Fortunately, the conditioned reflex is a stick with two ends. It can be used to punish us...or it can be our MOST powerful weapon." Neurologist and psychiatrist F.A. Volgysei has to be considered the preeminent contributor to modern medical hypnotherapy. Dr. Volgysei was one of the pioneers that studied the hypnosis phenomenon objectively. Besides working with Pavlov, his interest in hypnosis was strongly fueled by two world-famed Swiss researchers, A.M. Forel and E. Bleuler. He cited his two personal meetings with Professor Bleuler as having "...the most significant, exciting and inspiring effect. Bleuler was a pugnacious, charismatic personality. Equally impressive were his newly coined technical terms and interpretations...schizophrenia, psychoid, neurobiological psychology, psychiatry; his treatment of alcoholism and somatic disorders with hypnosis...above all his therapeutic success." In 1921, Volgysei wrote to Albert Einstein, pointing out how closely his strictly physical theory of relativity and the empiricism of hypnotherapy resembled each other in their social significance. Hypnosis can easily show by experiment that human feelings, whether emotional or physical, are relative. Einstein objected to the generality, but years later recanted. As of 1966, Volgysei had done over 50 years of scientific research and hypnotherapy practice. During that time he acquired his clinical views of "The Patient's Nervous Typology, The Principle of Intra-Individuality" and "The Vasomotor Reversible Decerebration Theory of Hypnosis." ---------------------------------------------------------------- Infograph -- Volgysei's Patient's Nervous Typology: 1) Constitutionally and developmentally psycho-passive. 2) Constitutionally psycho-passive, but developmentally psycho-active. 3) Constitutionally psycho-active, but developmentally psycho-passive. 4) Constitutionally and developmentally psycho-active. (psycho-passive = extravert; psycho-active = introvert) ---------------------------------------------------------------- Infograph -- Volgysei's Principle of Intra-Individuality: "In all phenomena of waking life, hypnosis and sleep, the following play a part: 1) innate conditioned reflexes, 2) acquired conditioned reflexes, 3) close interactions with the current environment, and, 4) (as a basis for all these constituents) the degree of phylogenetic (evolutionary) and ontogenetic (biological) development of the central nervous system." "By reason of this, there is a complicated preparedness to react, which leads each person and animal to react individually in every manifestation of its life, whether awake, asleep or under hypnosis, in a manner correspondent to the related thoughts of its inner and outer world and to the differences that in the course of time arise within itself. This...seems part of the universal principle that everything flows, all is in movement, all things change; only one thing is constant, the uninterrupted process of change itself." ---------------------------------------------------------------- Below are selections of provocative insights based on Volgysei's unique lifetime of research. The foremost, numbered listing outlines his view of the evolution of human consciousness. 1) "The most primitive human thinking may be said to be anthropomorphic causality (natural phenomena are personified). 2) "At the next stage primitive man thought the driving forces of human life (good health, success, love, prosperity, sickness and death) were the operations of natural and supernatural forces. 3) "Further development brought about 'single causality.' Every philosophy, religion and branch of science arrived, so far as their theory went, at the terminal of the original cause. 4) "The so-called exact scientific way of thinking originally embraced no thing but empiricism in everything. Today, empiricism provides the basis for all scientific thinking, although every expert is clear in his own mind that, as a result of multi-causality, every fact is something other than what we humans think it to be with our incomplete powers of perception, and, 5) "The more doctrines we have, the more data we collect, the wider and deeper the knowledge, the greater and deeper must be the faith. The more we materialize what is psychic, the more matter turns into psyche; the more natural laws multiply, the more miracle there is, since natural law is the greatest miracle of all." "It is of universal significance that all the anabolic regenerative mechanisms, such as sleep and hypnosis, are primarily a function of the unconditioned reflex transmitted to us by a million years of evolution. "Human life is always in flux. Wakefulness, hypnosis and sleep continuously interweave and transform into each other uninterruptedly...so too we find no water-tight division between intellectual influences, hypnotic suggestions and simple mechanical stimuli. "Our nervous system dominates our entire somatic-psychic (body-mind) existence... The brain is the organ of psychic function; man is its subject imprisoned in his contemporary environment. The empirical critique of hypno-suggestive experiment and therapy reconfirm from a new point of view that essentially man is a creature not with a relatively free will, but a relatively restricted one. "There is no individual function, no reaction of our organism, however obscure -- be it serological, hormonal or psychic -- where Pavlov's methods cannot demonstrate the physiological importance of suggestion... With humans in hypnotic catalepsy, the musculature can sustain for hours certain postures which the experimenter has devised and which otherwise could only be maintained for a minute at most. "The activity of the cortex or neocortex is matter moving in a highly organized way... The main task of modern medical hypnosis is to correct any irregulation in the psycho-organic sphere and then ensure the rest necessary for regeneration." Harvey Simon, 16-year researcher and expert clinical hypnotherapist, studied at Dr. Milton Erickson's Institute in Toronto, Canada. Simon has lectured at colleges and medical seminars on the value of hypnosis: "A lousy name for it because it has nothing to do with sleep." At present, he is at work on a book about his treatment of multiple personality disorder using hypnotherapy. During his private practice, Simon also taught auto-hypnosis to post-cardiac-trauma patients at the University of Toronto Rehabilitation Centre for three years. The results were impressive. Hypnosis is more acceptable as a medical practice in Canada and Europe. Simon said that even the worst of migraine headaches can be cured with hypnotherapy. "Hypnosis is the only way to reach the autonomic nervous system and control it...the body will respond to suggestion (that water is alcohol, for example) with corresponding metabolic changes." Simon has cured alcoholics; not just shifted their dependence to "a regimented kind of spiritually-oriented police system... Alcoholics that don't drink...are not recovered." Another instance he cited was a study published in "The American Society of Clinical Hypnosis Journal." Women that felt dissatisfied with their small breasts were hypnotically regressed to their time of puberty. They were kept regressed for several months through the use of post-hypnotic suggestion. Their body metabolism changed correspondingly, their breasts grew. All achieved measurable success [NO pun intended]. Simon says that the hypnotic state is "an altered state of consciousness and can be created (elicited) by and in ANY emotional state." He tells of an incident in his experience that illustrates not only the power of suggestion, but his expertise as well. A hysterical woman was waving a gun around, ranting and raving about killing some guy. He got the gun away from her, not by trying to reason with her, "which would have gotten me shot," but by changing her frame of mind (altering her state of consciousness). "You have to inject yourself into their mind-set and say, 'Geez, what did he do to you?' Get them to communicate with you and bring yourself into that state with them. I got into her state and said, 'son-of-a-bitch...tell me some more...you're kidding?' Then she'd go off again, waving her hands around, with the gun and I said, 'Hey, you're going to shoot me. You don't want to shoot me do you?' 'No.' 'Well, put it down over here. You can have it later when you leave. I don't give a damn if you shoot him, just don't shoot me. I didn't do anything.'" They talked. She calmed down and left...without the gun. Many people try, or turn to, subliminal tapes in their quest for self-improvement. Several years ago, Stanford University released a study denying their viability. Simon was a pioneer in subliminal programming. He cited several reasons studies come to such false conclusions: "First, the credibility and competency of the manufacturer are paramount. "Second, you CANNOT put out a maternal or paternal tape that will appeal to 100 percent of the people. "Third, results can be deceptive for reasons not obvious to those not expert. The new programming may not take hold, or wear off quickly, because it's superimposed over the original conditioning, which has to be erased for the new conditioning to hold. "Fourth, even if the subliminal tape was tailored specifically for the individual subject, it takes at least 21 listenings to hold permanently." Most important in practice is that "The therapist has to be sensitive and knowledgeable enough to identify the patient's individual neurolinguistic program: Is it verbal, visual, or kinesthetic? ...and to what degree in each area." This speaks directly to the quality of treatment by physicians, psychologists and psychiatrists. As K.J. Platonow said (1959), "Every genuine physician -- whatever his specialty -- is above all a psychotherapist... In so far as physicians systematically apply the methods of direct, or indirect, suggestion rather than doing so unawares, the more effective they will be." The relevance of these dynamics permeates our lives. Too many health practitioners have single-therapy, or limited-scope, approaches to all patients. People who study advertising are made well aware of the impact of the mundane, monotonous and repetitive. And, of course, political campaign ads, and "speeches" come to mind...to mention but only three. Mr. Simon strongly advocates auto-hypnosis training with a competent therapist as the best way to gain control over your life. It may be a necessity because, as you now know, we are still mesmerized by almost everything. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Sidebar -- An important caution about hypnotherapy: There are State-certified schools in California, which offer diplomas in hypnotherapy upon completion of their classes. The requirements to become "certified" are 150 class hours and about $2,200. If you want to be a certified "clinical" hypnotherapist, it involves about another 50 to 100 hours at commensurate additional cost. The danger is that students are not screened. They may be educated health practitioners. They may not be. Many are well-intentioned. Many want to make $50 an hour. Many want recognition or authority. Mr. Simon has attended local hypnotherapy chapter meetings. He says assertively, "Most of them have no business whatsoever messing with someone's mind...[they're] not even remotely aware of the possibilities." As Dr. Volgysei noted; "Even BASIC hypnotic technique requires a specific MEDICAL education, knowledge of the laws of suggestion, considerable experience and technical skill." ---------------------------------------------------------------- Infograph -- The Davis and Husband hypnotic rating scale: 0 Insusceptible Hypnoidal 1 2 Relaxation 3 Fluttering of lids 4 Closing of eyes 5 Complete physical relaxation Light Trance 6 Catalepsy of eyes (too heavy to open) 7 Limb catalepsies (rigidity) 10 Rigid catalepsy 11 Anesthesia (numbness, desensitization: started at the subject's hand usually, then transferred by the subject) Medium Trance 13 Partial amnesia (loss of memory) 15 Post-hypnotic anesthesia 17 Personality changes 18 Simple post-hypnotic suggestions 20 Kinesthetic delusions (movement); complete amnesia Deep Trance 21 Ability to open eyes without affecting the trance 23 Bizarre post-hypnotic suggestions 25 Complete somnambulism (sleepwalking or other activity) 26 Positive visual hallucinations, post-hypnotic 27 Positive auditory hallucinations, post-hypnotic 28 Systematized post-hypnotic amnesias 29 Negative auditory hallucinations 30 Negative visual hallucinations; hyperesthesia (abnormal sensitivity of the skin or other sense organ) Sources: "What is Hypnosis," by Andrew Salter, Citadel Press, New York 1943; also, "Conditioned Reflex Therapy" & "The Case Against Psychoanalysis." "Animal Hypnosis," by F.A. Volgysei, M.D., Wilshire Book Co., Los Angeles, 1968. "Battle For the Mind," by William Sargant, Heinemann, 1957; also, "The Mind Possesed." "Great Thoughts," by George Seldes, Ballantine Books, New York, 1985. Personal Interview with Harvey Simon, Mar., 1989. Curricula and promotional brochures from numerous California schools/institutes of hypnotherapy. Copyright 1996, James M. Silver -- All Rights Reserved