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MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 42b * [Part 2 of 3 parts]
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V E R I C O M M / MindNet "Quid veritas est?"
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Editor: Mike Coyle
Contributing Editors: Walter Bowart
Alex Constantine
Martin Cannon
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[Continued from part 1]
The result of this rethinking has been the acceptance by many
scientists that intrinsic electromagnetic fields play a key role
in a wide range of biological functions, including embryogenesis,
bone repair, and information transfer and storage, particularly
in the central nervous system. I addition, many scientists and
researchers have speculated as the adverse effects of EM fields
on biological systems. Some recent work using the concepts of
chaos dynamics may have a major impact upon how one looks at
external systems interactions with biological systems. Scientists
have known for some time that chaotic behavior of systems exists
in physics and chemistry. More recently its mathematics on
nonlinear differential equations has been applied to biology.
In simple terms, systems will behave "normally" over a wide
range of conditions then suddenly shift into a chaotic mode when
a single parameter (among many) moves through a critical value.
Thus a tiny change in one parameter can result in a drastic
alterations in the behavior of a system. Dr. Rapp of the Medical
College of Pennsylvania has suggested that epileptic behavior and
other convulsions may be the result of chaotic behavior within
the central nervous system. He cites theoretical evidence that
suggest that neural networks are capable of shifting into chaotic
behavior. Guerara and others have recently reported the onset of
chaotic behavior in chicken heart cells when stimulated by
electrical signals at specific frequencies and amplitudes. It has
also been shown that normal breathing takes place at certain
frequencies and amplitudes, but not at others. Animals forced to
breathe at certain unnatural frequencies develop severe
respiratory distress.
This past year, Dr. Adey has evaluated a Soviet LIDA medical
instrument that has been claimed to induce sleep. The instrument
can produce pulsed sound, light heat, and electromagnetic energy.
The four modalities can be useful all together, singly, or of any
combination of the four. Soviet medical literature contains
claims that the use of the instrument will benefit "inorganically
caused neuropsychic and somatic disorders, such as neuroses,
insomnia and hypertension." Their concept of what is "inorganic"
is questionable and why they seem to relate to hypertension with
neuroses and psychoses is unknown.
According to Dr. Adey's report, electromagnetic fields may
induce a slower rate of state transitions in cats. The
electromagnetic field alone was capable of prolonging particular
sleep states. The efficacy of the EM field alone to prolong a
sleep state was less than when combined with either visual or
auditory stimuli. The use of visual and auditory stimuli without
the electromagnetic field also shifted sleep patterns to deeper
levels, but did not alter rates of state transitions. Dr. Adey
felt that there may be a synergistic action between the
electromagnetic field and the rhythmic sensory stimuli to achieve
sustained states at one sleep level--a condition that was not
present when any single stimulus was delivered alone.
The instrument used in the Soviet experiments was considered
to be of 1950s technology, using a self-excited oscillator and
vacuum tubes. The center frequency was 40 megahertz, but
harmonic and spurious radiations in excess of 1 gigahertz were
noted. The pulse duration was 0.3 seconds with a repetition rate
of 10 to 100 pulses per minute. Reports in the literature state
that many newer and more effective models have been developed.
In a recent paper, Ubeda, Delgado, and others reported that
the pulse shape of a pulsed magnetic field has an influence upon
the development of chicken embryos. They reported that using
four different-shaped pulses resulted in differing effects on
the embryos. The first signal had a rise time of 100
microseconds with a declining plateau. The second signal was
basically a square wave with a rise time of 2 microseconds. The
third had a rise time of 42 microseconds with a secondary
modulation throughout the signal. The forth signal also had a
rise time of 42 microseconds without the superimposed modulation.
All pulses had a 500-microsecond duration and a repetition of
100 hertz. The results showed that some wave forms interfered
with embryogenesis while others did not. A windowing effect also
noted with the exposure intensities: some effects were noted at
low intensities but not at higher intensities.
Windowing of both frequency and power amplitude have also been
reported by other investigators. The phenomenon was first
reported by Adey and his coworkers in the early seventies, but
until recently has not been widely accepted as an important
parameter. The specific wave form and windowing of both the
frequency and amplitude may have very specific biological targets
and effects. Bassett has reported that in his laboratory recent
studies have shown that the voltage wave form induced by a given
pulse appears characteristically different in various tissues and
organs. He goes on to state that it is possible to identify the
tissue type by an analysis of the frequency response pattern,
using fast Fourier transforms.
Most scientists in the United States have discounted many of
the Soviet reports that exposure to the low levels of
electromagnetic radiation causes these types of biological
effects. Until recently many scientists believed both that
thermal heating was the only mechanism which could produce
biological effects at that levels reported in the Soviet and East
European literature could not induce a significant thermal burden
in the human body and thus could not produce any biological
effects. The second major reason for disbelief was the attempt by
early researchers to duplicate some of the Soviet research and
their failure to find similar results. Those failures to
replicate the Soviet work were the result of several factors,
which include the lack of sufficient details in Soviet reports as
to their exact protocols; like of similar equipment: use of
different frequencies: and use of higher power levels and finding
no effects, and so assuming--without checking--that lower levels
would also show no effects. And in some cases the reports were
not valid in the first place. Even in the Soviet literature one
finds many contradictions and so must read and evaluate it with a
critical eye.
Current research in chaotic behavior has shown that the
alteration of only one parameter to a critical phase can induce
chaotic behavior with drastic outcomes. It is not too difficult
to envision that electromagnetic systems could interact with the
electrical signal in cardiac muscle. If the proper parameters
were utilized, several possible results could be produced. These
include auricular and ventricular fibrillation, or complete
asystole with a resultant fatal outcome.
Past research has shown both altered behavior in animals and
altered electroencephalograms (EEG) in both humans and animals.
What these EEG changes mean in practical terms to humans at the
present time is difficult to say, since we still like a great
deal of knowledge and there is much controversy about what a
"normal" EEG means. It is currently impossible to understand and
to predict how an altered EEG can influence behavior and the
cognitive processes of an individual. Some current research
provides a few clues that altering brain waves can have a major
impact on a person's cognitive and overt behavior. In this
regard, some people have even speculated that electromagnetism
has already been used for this purpose.(17)
Some recent theoretical research has looked at the classical
neuronal synapse and proposed that the size of the synaptic space
is so small that rather than a pure chemical event taking place,
it must be a quantum mechanical event. Classically it has been
assumed that an action potential transverses down the axion and
directly stimulates these vesicules to release their chemical
neurotransmitter, which then cross the synapse and trigger the
second neuron to fire its action potential. If it is true that
the event is quantum mechanical in nature then the following
events may be taking place rather than events envisioned in the
classical chemical concept. The action potential descends down
the axion and produces a bias across the synaptic junction, which
then induces electron tunneling in a reverse direction, which in
turn causes a conformational change in the vesicules. This
conformational change causes these vesicules to release their
neurotransmitter. The mechanism also involves leakage currents
from nearby neurons and perineuronal cells. The cells are
"talking" to each other so that the system is far more complex
than once thought. These quantum mechanical events being
statistical in nature and depending upon crosstalk from other
cells instead of a pure internal electrical conductance within
the single cell, infer that the complex system will be
susceptible to external nonlinear electromagnetic influences. The
disruption of neural pathways can lead to a multitude of effects.
With today's sophisticated weapon systems, one does not have to
totally disable individuals to render then inefficient for
combat. For example, if their timing is altered or their
cognitive processes are degraded these individuals may be unable
to operate their equipment (fly their aircraft, make the proper
decision with computer-operated systems, or successfully complete
related action).
Because of the many parameters involved and the apparent
specificity of each parameter, one can tailor a specific
response. The ability to have this kind of flexibility provides
an enormous range of option to the user. It opens the door for
providing the appropriate response in warfare, be it conventional
or unconventional. There are still many unanswered questions
concerning this technology. To date, the vast majority of
research done in this country has focused on using single
frequency sources with standard parameters. No one has used
multiple frequencies during a single exposure, nor has anyone
tried to manipulate the parameters to produce biological effects.
Up to the present time the majority of scientists in the United
States have assumed that a "microwave is a microwave," and
research done at one frequency would be applicable to any
frequency in the same region. We now know that the experiment
must be frequency specific, but how specific? Does this change
for various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum? There are
unconfirmed reports that a change of .01 hertz can make a
difference. Most scientist still do not believe that this small a
change in frequency will make a difference. Yet, Rapp has shown
that a frequency-encoded signal can act as a trigger for the
release of amylase from the salivary glands of the blowfly
(Calliphora exythocephalla). The variation in the frequency that
modified the release of the enzyme was from 0.00 hertz to 0.056
hertz. In this study the stimulus was the chemical
5-hydroxytryptaime. What is of particular interest is that the
original chemical interaction was converted to a digital
frequency oscillation. The general reaction was analog to digital
and back to analog. A fundamental question is, could the same
response be obtained by bypassing the initial chemical (analog)
input and stimulate the cell directly with and electromagnetic
signal at these same frequencies. The results of this experiment
certainly indicate that a narrow specific frequency may be
required to obtain specific results.
Contrary to the Soviets' materialistic approach to this area
and their utilization of electromagnetic radiation as an
explanation for all such events, it is doubtful that most such
events can be attributed to electromagnetic fields. Nevertheless,
the evidence does indicate that certain functions and
capabilities in the area can be enhanced with the proper use of
electromagnetic fields. But, again this area has received very
little attention. Certainly adequate research by competent
scientists has not been done.
A large portion of this paper may read like Buck Rogers and
the twenty-first century. Many readers will say that some of the
ideas and concepts do not fit with their current concepts and
theories of physics and biology. This may be true in part, but
then most of the medical science I learned in medical school more
than 25 years ago is not valid today. Certainly the concepts in
this paper will not fit with classical physics. One is reminded
of the trite saying that the science fiction of today is the
scientific facts of tomorrow. I think this philosophy was
elegantly stated by Werner Eisenberg in a speech given in 1934.
Now that we know all our journeying can only bring us back to
our starting point, we realize that we are unable to reach full
understanding no matter how far we travel. The infinity of the
universe lies outside this path. In quite a similar way modern
physics has shown that the structure of classical physics--as
that of modern physics--is complete in itself. Classical
physics extends just as far as the conceptions which forms
its basis can be applied. But these conceptions already fail
us when applied to the process of nuclear physics, and much
more so in the case of all fields of science which are even
further removed from classical physics. This is the hope of
understanding all aspects of intellectual life on the
principles of classical physics is no more justified than the
hope of the traveler who believes that he will have obtained
the answer to all problems once he has journeyed to the end
of the world.
Yet the misunderstanding, that the transformations in exact
science have brought to light certain limits to the
application of rational thinking, must be immediately be
countered. A narrow field of application is given to certain
ways of thought only, and not to rational thought in general.
The discovery that the earth is not the world, but only a
small and discrete part of the world, has enabled us to
relegate to its proper position the illusory "end of the
world" concept, and instead to map the whole surface of the
earth accurately. In a similar way modern physics has purged
classical physics of its arbitrary belief in its unlimited
application. It has shown that some parts of our science, e.g.,
mechanics, electricity, and quantum theory, present scientific
systems complete in themselves, rational and capable of
complete investigation. They state their respective natural
laws, probably correctly, for all time. The essence of this
statement is given by the phrase "completeness in itself"
(Abgeschlossenheit). The most important new result of nuclear
physics was the recognition of the possibility of applying
quite different types of natural laws, without contradiction,
to one and the same physical event. This is due to the fact
that within a system of laws which are based on certain
fundamental ideas only certain quite definite ways of asking
questions make sense, and thus, that such a system is
separated from others which allow different questions to be
put. Thus, the transition in science from previously
investigated fields of experience to new ones will never
consist simply of the application of already known laws to
these new fields. On the contrary, a really new field of
experience will always lead to the crystallization of a
new system of scientific concepts and laws. They will be no
less capable of rational analysis than the old ones, but
their nature will be fundamentally different. It is for
this reason that modern physics adopt an attitude very
different from classical physics toward all those fields
not yet included into its investigations. Let us, for
example, consider the problems concerned with the
existence of living organisms. From the standpoint of modern
physics, according to Bohr, we should expect the laws
characteristic of these organisms to be separated from the
purely physical laws in a rational and accurately
comprehensive manner, just as, say quantum theory is
separate from classical mechanics. A similar solution
will, on a smaller scale, apply to the investigation into
the properties of the atomic nucleus, which occupies the
center of interest in contemporary physics. The edifice of
exact science can hardly be looked upon as a consistent and
coherent unit in the naive way we had hoped. Simply
following the prescribed route from any given point will
not lead to all other rooms of this building; for it
consists of specific parts, and though each of these is
connected to the others by many passageways and each may
encompass some others or be encompassed by others,
nevertheless each is a unit complete in itself. The advance
from the parts already completed to the newly discovered,
or newly erected, demands each time an intellectual jump,
which cannot be achieved through the simple development of
already existing knowledge.(19)
Notes
1. _Final Report on Biotechnology Research Requirements for
Aeronautical Systems Through the Year 2000_, AFOSR-TR-82-0643,
vol. 1 and vol. 2, 30 July 1982.
2. C.E. Durney, M.F. Iskander, H. Massoudi, S.J.Allen, and J.C.
Mitchell, _Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook_, 3d ed.,
SAM-TR-80-32, Brooks AFB, Texas (1980), 136.
3. For detailed discussions of this research, see C.A.L.
Bassett, A.A. Pitla et al., "A Nonoperative Salvage of Surgically
Resistant Pseudarthroses and Nonunions by Pulsing Electromagnetic
Fields." _Clinical Orthopaedics_ 124 (1977), 128-43; C.A.L.
Bassett, N. Caulo et al., "Congenial 'Pseudarthroses' of the
Tibia--Treatment with Pulsating Electromagnetic Fields," Clinical
Orthopaedics 154 (1981), 136-49; C.A.L. Bassett, S.N. Mitchell et
al., "Treatment of Ununified Tibial Diaphyseal Fractures with
Pulsating Electromagnetic Fields," _Journal of Bone Joint Surgery
63:A (1981), 511-23; C.A.L. Bassett, S.N. Mitchell et al.,
"Pulsing Electromagnetic Field Treatment in Ununited Fractures
and Failed Arthroses," _Journal of American Medical Association_
247 (1982), 623-28; C.A.L. Bassett, "Biomedical Implications of
Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields," _Surgical Rounds_ (January
1983), 22-31; J.S. Kort et al., "Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the
Tibia: Treatment with Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields, The
International Experience," _Clinical Orthopaedics_ 165 (1982),
124-37; L. Sedal, P. Christel et al., "Resultants de le
stimulation par champ electromagnetique de la consolidation des
psuedarthroses, apropos de 37 cas," _Review of Chiropractic
Orthopaedics_ 67 (1981), 11-23; W.J. Sharrard, M.L. Sutcliff et
al., "The Treatment of Fibrous Nonunion of Fractures by Pulsing
Electromagnetic Stimulation," _Journal of Bone Joint Surgery_
64:B (1982), 189-93; and M.L. Sutcliff and A.A.J. Goldberg, "The
Treatment of Congenital Psuedarthrosis of the Tibia with Pulsing
Electromagnetic Fields, A Survey of 52 Cases," _Clinical
Orthopaedics 166 (1982), 45-57.
4. R. Goodman, C.A.L. Bassett, and A.S. Henderson, "Pulsing
Electromagnetic Fields Induce Cellular Transcription," _Science_
220 (17 June 1983): 1283-85.
5. F. Kremer, C. Koschnitzke, L. Santo, P. Quick, and A.
Paglitsch, "The Nonthermal Effect of Millimeter Wave Radiation on
the Puffing of Giant Chromosomes," in H. Frohlich and F. Kremer,
eds., _Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems_ )Berlin:
Springer-Verlag, 1983).
6. A.F. Lawrence and W.R. Adey, "Nonlinear Wave Mechanisms in
Interactions Between Excitable Tissue and Electromagnetic
Fields," _Neurological Research_ 4:1/2 (1982), 115-53.
7. P.E. Rapp, A.I. Mees, and C.T. Sparrow, "Frequency Encoded
Biochemical Regulation Is More Accurate Than Amplitude Dependent
Control," _Theoretical Biology_ 90 (1981), 531-44.
8. J.M.R. Delgado, J. Leal, J.L. Monteaguo, and M.G. Garcia,
"Embryological Changes Induced by Weak, Extremely Low Frequency
Electromagnetic Fields," _Journal of Anatomy_ 134 (1982), 533-51.
9. Bassett, Pilla et al., "Treatment"; Bassett, Mitchell et
al., "Pulsing Electromagnetic Field Treatment"; and Bassett,
"Biomedical Implications."
10. Kort et al., "Congenital Psuedarthroses."
11. M.R. Guerara, L. Glass, and A. Shrier, "Phase Lacking,
Period- Doubling Bifurcations and Irregular Dynamics in
Periodically Stimulated Cardiac cells," _Science_ 214 (1981),
1350-53.
12. Ibid.
13. W.R. Adey, "Possible behavioral Effects Produced by Pulsed
RF Fields from Soviet `LIDA' Medical Therapy Instrument,"
contact report N60921, NSWC, October 1983.
14. A. Ubeda, J. Leal, M.A. Trillo, M.A. Jimanez, and J.M.R.
Delgado, "Pulse Shape of Magnetic Fields Influence Chick
Embryogensis," _Journal of Anatomy_, in press.
15. W.R. Adey, "Tissue Interactions with Nonionizing
Electromagnetic Fields," _Physiology Review 61 (1981), 435-514;
S.M. Bawin, W.R. Adey , and I.M. Sabbot, "Ionic Factors in
Release of 45/Ca from Chicken Cerebral Tissue in Electromagnetic
Fields," _Proceedings of National Academy of Science_ (USA) 75
(1978), 6314-18; S.M. Bawin, L.K. Kaczmarek, and W.R. Adey,
"Effects of Modulated VHF Fields on the Cerebral Nervous
System," _Annals of NY Academy of Science_ 247 (1975), 74-81;
C.S. Blackman, J.A. Elder, C.M. Weil, S.G. Beunane, D.C.
Eichinger, and D.E. Hause, "Induction of Calcium Ion Efflux from
Brain Tissue by Radiofrequency Radiation: Effects of Modulation
Frequency and Field Strength," _Radio Science_ 14 (1979), 93-98.
16. Bassett, "Biomedical Implications."
17. M. Ebon, _Psychio Warfare_ (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983),
118-20.
18. Rapp, Mees, and Sparrow, "Frequency Encoded Biochemical
Regulation."
19. Werner Eisenberg, speech to the first general session on
the occasion of the general meeting of the Gesellschaft duetsher
Naturforscher and Aserzte, Hanover, 17 September 1934. Originally
published in Naturwissenshaften 1934, 22 Jabrg., Heft 40.
OTHER REFERENCES
E. Aarholt, E.A. Flinn, and L.W. Smith, "Magnetic Fields Affect
the Lac Operon System," _Physics, Medicine, and Biology_ 27
(1982), 606-10.
W.R. Adey, "Models of Membranes of Cerebral Cells as Substrates
for Information Storage," _Biosystems_ 8 (1977), 163-78.
S.M. Bawin, A.R. Sheppard, and W.R. Adey, "Possible Mechanism
of Weak Electromagnetic Field Complexing in Brain Tissues,"
_Bioelectrochemistry, Biogenetics_ 5 (1978), 67-76.
G. Collaccio and A.A. Pilla, "Electromagnetic Modulatran of
Biological Processes: Chemical, Physical, and Biological
Correlates in the Ca- Uptake by Embyronal Chick Tibia _in
vitro_," _Biochemistry, Biogenetics_ 10 (1983), 120c.
R.A. Luben, C.D. Cain, D.M. Rose, and W.R. Adey, "Effects of
Electromagnetic Stimuli on Bone and Bone Cells _in vitro_:
Inhibitions of Responses to Parathyroid Hormone by Low-Energy,
Low-Frequency Fields," _Proceedings of National Academy of
Science_ (USA) 79 (1982), 4180-84.
L.A. Nortan, A. Shteyer, and G.A. Rohan, "Electromagnetic Field
Effects on DNA Synthesis in Bone Cells," _Journal of
Electrochemistry_ 127 (1980), 129c.
A.A. Pilla, "The Rate of Modulation of Cell and Tissue Function
via Electrochemical Information Transfer," in R.O. Becker, ed.,
_Mechanism of Growth Control_ (Springfield, Ill.: C.C. Thomas
Press, 1982), 211-36.
[...]
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